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Bovine parainfluenza is an acute contact infectious disease caused by bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3), belonging to the paramyxovirus family. This disease is more common in cattle herds that are transported over long distances or raised improperly, and has rapid transmission, strong infectivity, and obvious seasonal and regional prevalence. The virus spreads through airborne droplets, is cold resistant but not heat-resistant, and is sensitive to conventional disinfectants. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, and general fatigue. Prevention and treatment require strengthened feeding and management, isolation and treatment, and disinfection with bleach powder when the disease occurs. Infection with bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus can induce the formation of both nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which is different from human parainfluenza virus that only produces cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
Figure 1. Structure of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus. (da Silva Barcelos,et al, 2024)
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPI3V) is a respiratory pathogen that primarily infects cattle worldwide. BPI3V can cause secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, and is often associated with other respiratory viruses and bacterial infections. The severity of clinical symptoms varies, with some animals, especially young cattle and immunocompromised animals, exhibiting more severe acute symptoms, while others may be carriers without clinical symptoms. BPI3V is one of the main pathogenic factors of bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRDC). Although various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, are associated with bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRDC), BPI3V has attracted much attention due to its widespread presence in different geographical regions and herds. Due to its complex interactions with other pathogens and various environmental and host factors, understanding the unique characteristics of BPI3V infection is extremely challenging. However, the detection of BPI3V in BRDC cases highlights its potential importance and role in the pathogenesis and progression of this syndrome.
Figure 2. Virus infection and interaction with the innate immune system. (da Silva Barcelos,et al, 2024)
| Diagnosis | Details |
| Pattern Recognition Receptor | RIG-I like receptors (especially MDA5): recognize viral RNA in the cytoplasm and trigger the initial signal for type I interferon (IFN-α/β) production. The V protein of BPIV3 can specifically target and inhibit the function of MDA5. Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3): located on the inner membrane, recognizes viral double stranded RNA, activates NF-κB and IRF3 pathways, induces interferon and inflammatory cytokine production. |
| Key molecules of interferon signaling pathway | Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS): a key adaptor protein downstream of RIG-I/MDA5, serving as a hub for signal transmission. Interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/IRF7): activated and translocated into the nucleus, initiating transcription of genes such as IFN-β. STAT1/STAT2: After being activated by secreted interferon, it forms the ISGF3 complex with IRF9 and translocates into the nucleus to initiate the expression of interferon stimulated genes. BPIV3 can interfere with JAK-STAT signaling through its C protein and other mechanisms. |
Influenza virus belongs to influenza virus of orthomyxoviridae. Viruses can agglutinate bovine red blood cells. Viruses have weak resistance to the outside world and lose their infectivity after heating to 50 ℃ for a few minutes. They are sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, formaldehyde, ether, etc. Soap, synthetic detergents, and oxidants can all inactivate viruses. But it has strong resistance to low temperatures. Sick cows are the main source of infection, and recovered and latent infected individuals can also detoxify within a certain period of time. The virus mainly exists in the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract and is discharged to the outside with respiratory secretions, spreading through air droplets.
BPI3V is mainly a bovine respiratory pathogen that is mainly transmitted through aerosols in cattle herds. Based on genetic and phylogenetic analysis, BPI3V is classified into three genotypes (BPI3Va-c). Although the virus has been detected in both healthy cattle and cattle exhibiting symptoms of bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRDC), its specific role in the pathogenesis of BRDC remains unclear, raising questions about its virulence and potential synergistic effects with other pathogens. BPI3V was also detected in seemingly healthy cows, indicating that its presence does not equate to clinical symptoms. Therefore, due to its lower detection rate compared to other BRDC viruses and the lack of experimental evidence to support its role in the pathogenesis of BRDC, BPI3V is generally considered less important.
The disease occurs suddenly, spreads rapidly and violently, and is epidemic. The incidence rate is high, the mortality rate is low, and there is no difference in age, sex, and variety. It occurs all year round, but is more common in early spring, late autumn, and cold seasons with sudden weather changes.
Sick cows experience mental depression, loss of appetite, decreased rumination, coughing, accelerated breathing, drooling and runny nose, and inflammation of the conjunctiva. The body temperature has increased slightly, and there is generally no death. It can return to normal in about 7 days. Based on the clinical manifestations of the diseased cattle and the characteristics of the epidemic, a preliminary diagnosis can be made. Diagnosis can be made by sending the blood and nasal secretions of diseased cattle to a veterinary laboratory for virus isolation and identification.
A comprehensive understanding of the prevalence and distribution of bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRDC) pathogens, particularly Mycoplasma bovis type 3 virus (BPI3V), is crucial for developing effective management strategies. In fact, detection methods for antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, and virus isolation (VI) can provide different insights into prevalence. There are various diagnostic methods for this virus, ranging from antibody based detection methods that indicate past or current infection, to antigen detection techniques and more advanced nucleic acid based methods such as ELISA detection. These technologies can provide information about the genetic composition and virulence of pathogens, but the prevalence obtained by each method may vary depending on their respective sensitivity, specificity, or the most easily detectable stage of infection. Therefore, in order to determine the prevalence of BPI3V and its role in the BRDC spectrum, the differences in prevalence obtained by different methods highlight the need for a comprehensive review.
Reference
| Target | Cat. No. | Product Name | Host | |
| BPIV-3 | DAG-WT2270 | Recombinant BPIV-3 Nucleocapsid Protein [His] | E. coli | Inquiry |
| PIV | DAGA-564 | Parainfluenza virus type 1 (strain Sendai) | MDCK cells | Inquiry |
| DAG-205 | Parainfluenza virus 1 | Vero cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGA-509 | Parainfluenza type 1 antigen | Vero cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGA-511 | Parainfluenza 3 (Strain III V2932) | MA 104 cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGA-512 | Parainfluenza 1 (strain sendai) | Chicken | Inquiry | |
| DAGC491 | Native Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Antigen | LLC-mk2 cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGC492 | Native Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Antigen | LLC-mk2 cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGC493 | Native Parainfluenza Virus Type 4A Antigen | LLC-mk2 cells | Inquiry | |
| DAGC494 | Native Parainfluenza Virus Type 4B Antigen | LLC-mk2 cells | Inquiry |
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