Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid

Name: Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid
SKU: DAGA-115
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid, native protein

COA

SDS

Datasheet

Summary

Product Overview

Tetanus toxoid antigen is highly purified tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani, which following the purification process has been detoxified by formaldehyde.

Nature

Native

Tag/Conjugate

N/A

Molecular Weight

150 kD

Alternative Names

Tetanus Toxoid; Clostridium tetani toxoid; Tentoxylysin; Tetanus toxin; tetX; Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein; C. tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein

Format

Liquid

Concentration

Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.

Preservative

None

Storage

Store at 4°C

Antigen Description

Tetanus toxoid is an inactivated form of tetanus toxin. Tetanus toxin is an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani and is the agent responsible for "lockjaw". Tetanus toxin binds to presynaptic membranes and is internalized by nerves. The toxin is then transported to the central nervous system through retrograde axonal transport within the neuron. In the CNS, the toxin blocks neurotransmitter release leading to the muscle spasms characteristic of tetanus.

Keywords

Tetanus Toxoid; Clostridium tetani toxoid; Tentoxylysin; Tetanus toxin; tetX; Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein; C. tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein

Citations

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Dual targeting: Combining costimulation blockade and bortezomib to permit kidney transplantation in sensitized recipients

Burghuber CK, Manook M, Ezekian B, Gibby AC, Leopardi FV, Song M, Jenks J, Saccoccio F, Permar S, Farris AB, Iwakoshi NN, Kwun J, Knechtle SJ

Am J Transplant2019 MarPubMed ID: 30102844Read Article

Applications: ELISA

Reactive species: Clostridium tetani

"Abstract: Previous evidence suggests that a homeostatic germinal center (GC) response may limit bortezomib desensitization therapy. We evaluated the combination of costimulation blockade with bortezomib in a sensitized non-human primate kidney transplant model. Sensitized animals were treated with bortezomib, belatacept, and anti-CD40 mAb twice weekly for a month (n = 6) and compared to control animals (n = 7). Desensitization therapy-mediated DSA reductions approached statistical significance (P = .07) and significantly diminished bone marrow PCs, lymph node follicular helper T cells, and memory B cell proliferation. Graft survival was prolonged in the desensitization group (P = .073). All control animals (n = 6) experienced graft loss due to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after kidney transplantation, compared to one desensitized animal (1/5). Overall, histological AMR scores were significantly lower in the treatment group (n = 5) compared to control (P = .020). However, CMV disease was common in the desensitized group (3/5). Desensitized animals were sacrificed after long-term follow-up with functioning grafts. Dual targeting of both plasma cells and upstream GC responses successfully prolongs graft survival in a sensitized NHP model despite significant infectious complications and drug toxicity. Further work is planned to dissect underlying mechanisms, and explore safety concerns."

Article snippet: To measure the magnitude of rhesus gB-specific and tetanus toxoid-specific plasma IgG responses, 384-well ELISA plates were coated for 2.5 hours at room temperature or overnight at 4°C with 30 ng RhCMV gB (****) or 30 ng tetanus toxoid (Creative Diagnostics) per well, then were blocked with assay diluent (1× PBS containing 4% whey, 15% normal goat serum, and 0.5% Tween-20).

No changes in the level of anti-gB IgG(C) and the level of anti-TT (tetanus) IgG (D) compared to pretreatment or before sensitization.(Burghuber CK, <i>et al</i>, 2019)

Figure 1. Animals with dual targeting desensitization show increased level of CMV reactivation, CMV nephritis but antibody against CMV or tetanus were not compromised.

Background

Tetanus is a non-communicable neurological disease mediated by a potent exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani, known as tetanus toxin (TeNT). Clostridium tetani is a strictly anaerobic spore-forming bacillus, with its spores commonly found in warm and moist soil. These spores enter the animal body through open wounds, germinate in anaerobic conditions, and after an incubation period of 3 to 21 days, the tetanus bacilli grow in necrotic tissue, synthesizing and releasing TeNT. TeNT binds to the presynaptic membranes of peripheral motor neurons and sensory neurons, travels retrogradely along axons to the central nervous system, and blocks neurotransmitter release. This leads to the patient's inability to mount any immune response, resulting in symptoms such as muscle spasms, paralysis, lockjaw, and, if untreated, death, with a mortality rate of 100% since the amount of toxin needed to induce an immune response is necessarily lethal. As early as around 3000 BC, there have been records of tetanus symptoms, claiming countless lives over the years. It wasn't until 1890 that TeNT was isolated and confirmed as the culprit behind tetanus symptoms.

Vaccination with a tetanus vaccine, which primarily consists of tetanus toxoid, can stimulate the production of antibodies against tetanus toxin, providing effective prevention of tetanus. Tetanus toxoid is an inactivated form of TeNT. Industrially, Clostridium tetani clinical isolates are fermented in a complex medium, from which TeNT can be extracted from the culture supernatant and then inactivated with formalin to obtain tetanus toxoid. Unlike TeNT, tetanus toxoid is non-toxic but retains its immunogenicity. Despite the ability to produce tetanus vaccine industrially, tetanus remains a significant public health issue. In some developing countries and underdeveloped regions, the vaccination coverage for tetanus among the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns is still insufficient, with little information available on related factors. Therefore, the development of effective tetanus drugs and further investigative studies targeting different populations and countries is crucial.

Currently, in addition to being used in the production of tetanus vaccines, tetanus toxoid is also employed in clinical settings to evaluate vaccine efficacy and safety, to create combination vaccines with other antigens, and as a model antigen to study immune response mechanisms. Furthermore, it is used to delve into the mechanism of action of TeNT and to develop treatments for certain neurological or autoimmune diseases by leveraging its immunomodulatory functions. Notably, tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines, which combine tetanus toxoid with other antigens (usually polysaccharides), have shown significant activity in preventing various bacterial infections. Examples include pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, Hib vaccines, and meningococcal conjugate vaccines. These vaccines demonstrate greatly enhanced efficacy, especially in children.

Structural and Epitope Schematic of TeNT and mAbs Site (Aliprandini E, 2019) Figure 1. Representations of Tetanus Toxin (TeNT) structure and mAbs epitopes (Light chain (active domain): blue, Heavy chain: green (variable domain), pink (binding domain). mAb recognition site: yellow. Overview: Surface representation showing epitope accessibility. Close-up view: Epitope depicted in rod-like form.)(Source: Aliprandini E, et al., 2019)

Alternative Names

Clostridium tetani toxoid
Clostridium tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein
C. tetani Tetanus Toxoid protein
Tetanus Toxoid
Inactivated TeNT

References

1. Aliprandini E, et al., An oligoclonal combination of human monoclonal antibodies able to neutralize tetanus toxin in vivo. Toxicon: X 2019; 2:100006.

Documents

pdf COA

pdf SDS

pdf Datasheet

QA & Reviews

Q & A

Ask a Question

Q: As I am scientist, I will appreciate more detailed information to toxoid preparation, especially to inactivation, losing of toxicity. I need to know more precisely how molecules I am working with were modified.

A: The Tetanus Toxoid is typically prepared by detoxifying the purified Tetanus Toxin using formaldehyde (formalin) under controlled conditions (concentration, temperature, and pH)

This is the standard pharmacopeial method for converting the toxin into a toxoid.

The molecule loses its neurotoxicity but retains its antigenicity (the ability to trigger an immune response) because the key structural epitopes recognized by the immune system are preserved.

Customer Reviews

References

Tetanus– a case report highlighting the challenges in diagnosis and treatment

Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines

Authors: Boer, M., de Voogd, M., Niemeijer, N.D. van Hoeven, L.

Abstract

Tetanus has become an increasingly rare infectious disease due to the development of successful vaccination programs in the mid-20th century. In resource-rich countries, mainly unvaccinated or partly vaccinated risk groups are affected, whereas tetanus still remains prevalent in resource-limited countries. The decreasing incidence in developed countries has hindered clinical trials evaluating the best treatment modalities for tetanus infections. Current guidelines are based on a small number of studies and case reports. So far, these studies have shown potential benefits of treating tetanus infections with benzodiazepines, magnesium sulfate and baclofen. Additionally, several treatments have been shown to be useful in stabilizing and supporting patients with tetanus. However, each treatment modality has limitations, from negative side effects to logistical challenges, especially in developing countries. Therefore, further knowledge is required to evaluate the best use of each treatment and to further optimize patient care. This knowledge can contribute to the reduction of the burden of disease in countries where tetanus remains prevalent and where resources are limited, though vaccination is the most effective method to achieve this. This case report describes the treatment of a Dutch patient with tetanus infection and illustrates the role of benzodiazepines as well as other key aspects of treating patients with tetanus.

Animal and human tetanus: An overview on transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control

Journal of Advances in Microbiology Research

Authors: Pal, M. Rebuma, T. Regassa, M. Tariku, F.

Abstract

Tetanus is a bacterial environmental disease with neurological condition that affects both people and animals, causing spastic paralysis. The disease is prevalent in many countries of the world including India and Ethiopia. Neonatal tetanus is a killer disease that carries high mortality. It affects the people of active age. Source of infection is exogenous as soil and dust serve as a natural habitat of the bacterium. Agricultural workers are at special risk of acquiring the infection because of their contact with soil. The gram-positive, sporulating bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is soil-borne and environmental, produces the toxin that causes tetanus. The majority of the times, the soil contaminated by Clostridium tetani spores causes wound contamination, which produces the disease. Tetanus toxin can harm humans, horses, and sheep, but it can also cause injury to cattle, dogs, and cats. The cost and availability of high-quality protein for human consumption are directly impacted by illnesses that compromise the well-being and productivity of food animals. Diseases contribute to economic losses by diminishing meat, milk, or feed conversion, slowing weight gain, and lengthening the period an animal to stay on the farm before being marketed, in addition to the costs associated with treating sick animals and their deaths. Currently, there is no specific laboratory test available to unequivocally establish the diagnosis of tetanus. However, clinical symptoms, case history, wound presence, and disease development are typically used to make the diagnosis of tetanus in animals. It is frequently challenging to identify Clostridium tetani at the wound site. A formaldehyde-inactivated tetanus toxin vaccination is a method of medical prevention. For tetanus, there is not an effective medication for treatment of disease in animals. Active immunization with tetanus toxoid is considered the best preventive method in humans. Severe complications of disease can be life-threatening. This review focuses on pathogenesis, diagnosis, economic importance, and control of tetanus in animals and humans.