Effects of Pirfenidone and Nintedanib on Markers of Systemic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Preliminary Report
ANTIOXIDANTS
Authors: Fois, Alessandro G.; Sotgiu, Elisabetta; Scano, Valentina; Negri, Silvia; Mellino, Sabrina; Zinellu, Elisabetta; Pirina, Pietro; Pintus, Gianfranco; Carru, Ciriaco; Mangoni, Arduino A.; Zinellu, Angelo
Abstract
Introduction: In vitro evidence suggests that pirfenidone and nintedanib, approved agents for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. We aimed to investigate such effects in vivo in IPF patients. Methods: Systemic circulating markers of oxidative stress [nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances (TBARS), homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and ADMA/Arginine ratio, glutathione (GSH), plasma protein -SH (PSH), and taurine (Tau)] and inflammation [Kynurenine (Kyn), Tryptophan (Trp) and Kyn/Trp ratio] were measured at baseline and after 24-week treatment in 18 IPF patients (10 treated with pirfenidone and 8 with nintedanib) and in 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results: Compared to controls, IPF patients had significantly lower concentrations of reduced blood GSH (457 +/- 73 mu mol/L vs 880 +/- 212 mu mol/L, p < 0.001) and plasma PSH (4.24 +/- 0.95 mu mol/g prot vs 5.28 +/- 1.35 mu mol/g prot, p = 0.012). Pirfenidone treatment significantly decreased the Kyn/Trp ratio (0.030 +/- 0.011 baseline vs 0.025 +/- 0.010 post-treatment, p = 0.048) whilst nintedanib treatment significantly increased blood GSH (486 +/- 70 mu mol/L vs 723 +/- 194 mu mol/L, p = 0.006) and reduced ADMA concentrations (0.501 +/- 0.094 vs. 0.468 +/- 0.071 mu mol/L, p = 0.024). Conclusion: pirfenidone and nintedanib exert beneficial effects on specific markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in IPF patients.
Sugar particles and their role in crystallization kinetics and structural properties in fats used for nougat creme production
JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING
Authors: Hubbes, Stephen-Sven; Braun, Andre; Foerst, Petra
Abstract
Palm oil-based fat crystal networks, such as nougat cremes, often show liquid oil separation during storage. To understand the relationship between oil separation and the underlying fat crystal network retaining trapped liquid oil, palm oil dispersions with different sucrose particle size distributions were generated. In particular, the interplay of particle dispersity, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical properties were studied. The effect of sucrose particles on crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties was compared to a modified lipid profile by adding either a tripalmitin-rich fraction (palm stearin) or hazelnut oil to palm oil. The particle addition increased the maximum rate constants from 0.272 min(-1) to 0.310-0.317 min(-1), whereas the effect of a modified lipid profile on crystallization kinetics was far more pronounced (0.472 min(-1) for stearin addition in contrast to 0.084 min(-1) in the case of hazelnut oil addition). However, sucrose was found to be a bound filler and fine particles, in particular, substantially increase structural properties by providing junction points when fats crystallize under quiescent conditions. Furthermore, the yield point (tau(0)) was increased from 559 to 828 Pa by the addition of 5% fine particles to palm oil equal to the addition of 20% stearin.
COA
Publication 
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