Batch dependent - please inquire should you have specific requirements.
Buffer
500mM Histidine, 100mM NaCl, 0.02% Tween80, pH6.0
Preservative
None
Storage
Store at -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles
Antigen Description
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes. L1 is a major capsid protein of human papilloma virus. Infection with specific types of HPV has been associated with an increased risk of developing cervical neoplasia. Does not bind DNA.
Keywords
HPV 6 L1; L1; Major capsid protein L1
Citations
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Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a type of double-stranded small DNA virus with strict species specificity. It mainly infects human skin and mucosal tissues and causes proliferative lesions of epithelial tissues in corresponding parts. External genital warts (EGW) are a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) and type 11 (HPV-11) infecting human reproductive organs and perianal epidermis benign epithelial hyperplasia. Although there are many methods to treat EGW, all methods have a certain recurrence rate after treatment, and no method has an ideal effect on any clinical stage of the disease. Vaccine prevention and treatment of EGW has been a research hotspot in recent years. Current HPV vaccine research mainly focuses on genetic engineering to produce HPV subunit vaccines. The HPV capsid is composed of LI and L2 proteins. L1 protein or L1+L2 protein can spontaneously assemble into virus-like particles (VLP) when expressed in eukaryotic cells. The morphological structure of VLP is similar to that of natural PV, and there is no viral nucleic acid inside. It contains the antigenic epitope of natural virus particles and has strong immunogenicity. In animal experiments, it can induce the body to produce protective neutralizing antibodies. VLP is the most promising HPV preventive vaccine candidate.
Figure 1. The production mechanisms of prophylactic vaccines. (Source: Yousefi Z, et al., 2022)
Understanding the immunological properties of PV infection is fundamental to vaccine research. Although many issues remain unclear about the body's mechanism of resistance to papillomavirus infection, a certain amount of knowledge has been accumulated. The body's immune mechanism against papillomavirus infection involves the complex effects of the body's non-specific immunity, specific cellular immunity and specific humoral immunity. In terms of non-specific immune effects, a variety of cytokines such as TNF-a, TGF-β, IFNs, and ILs originating from epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and infiltrating monocytes in the early stages of infection play a role in inhibiting virus expression and inducing inflammatory cell infiltration. The network effect of local cytokines is an important barrier against viral infection. Monocytes and natural killer cells kill virus-infected cells under the action of a variety of cytokines. The processing and presentation of viral antigens by local infected Langerhans cells, keratinocytes and epithelial cells is the starting point for the generation of specific immunity. The high incidence and progression of HPV infection in immunosuppressed individuals demonstrates the critical role of cellular immune responses in the clearance and control of HPV infection. Evidence from allogeneic transplant patients and HIV-infected individuals indicates that an absolute deficiency of CD4 T cells is an important risk factor for the development of HPV-induced disease and related tumors in immunocompromised individuals and that CD4 T cells have a central role in the clearance and control of HPV infection. Immunohistochemical studies of spontaneously recovering genital warts provide clues to the nature of the cellular immune response triggered by HPV infection. Genital warts that are not in recovery state lack immune cells. The few lymphocytes in the epithelium are CD8 cells, and monocytes mainly exist in the stroma. When the wart recovers, a large number of monocytes invade the stroma and epithelium, including mainly CD4 cells and many CD8 cells. These infiltrating lymphocytes are activated and express IL-2 receptors and CD45 RO marker. Wart keratinocytes upregulate the expression of HLA-DR and ICAM-1. These adhesion molecules are required for lymphocyte migration in the capillary endothelium of warts. These phenomena are characteristic of Th1-biased delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The evidence for the presence of a Th1 response in recovery from injury was reinforced by the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNa, IFNY, and IL-12p40 subunit.
Immunohistological studies have clearly shown that recovery from PV-induced injury in animals and humans is associated with Th1 responses, but the viral antigens that stimulate this response remain unknown. There are few studies on the antigen specificity of lymphocytes infiltrating lesions of HPV infection. Wart-infiltrating lymphocytes (WIL) isolated from HPV-6-infected perianal genital warts have been reported to respond to HPV-6 E7 and L1 proteins in lymphocyte proliferation assays. HPV-6E7 or L1-specific WIL can be isolated from more than 75% of patients. The clearance of intracellular viruses or the killing of infected cells mainly relies on cellular immunity. CD8+CTL cells exist in regressed genital wart tissue and can also be isolated from cervical cancer tissue.
Alternative Names
Human papillomavirus type 6 Human Papillomavirus 6 HPV Type 6 Papillomavirus 6 HPV VI Human Papilloma Virus VI Papillomavirus type 6
References
1. Yousefi Z, et al., An Update on Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines: History, Types, Protection, and Efficacy. Front Immunol. 2022, 12:805695.
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References
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Nonadjuvant Human Papillomavirus Type 6 Virus-like Particle Vaccine in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
J Voice
Authors: Zhang CQ, Yi S, Liu XJ, Nan BY, Huang SY, Chen BB
Objectives: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of a nonadjuvant human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in local Chinese patients.
Methods: Patients with RRP who had undergone surgical treatment before intramuscular administration of an escalating dose of HPV type 6 L1 VLPs (1, 5, and 25 μg at 4 weekly intervals) as part of their treatment were followed up for more than 10 years. Efficacy was assessed by detecting the vaccine-induced type-specific antibody titer, calculating the intersurgical interval, and observing recurrence or remission of papillomas after receiving the vaccine.
Results: Nonadjuvant HPV vaccine was generally well tolerated, with no serious vaccine-related adverse episodes. It induced seroconversion for each vaccine-related HPV type. At week 12 (4 weeks after injecting 25 μg), the vaccine-induced type-specific antibody titer was significantly high. Analysis of all patients found a significant increase in the intersurgical interval and decrease in the scores. One patient (16.7%; female) experienced complete remission. Five patients (83.3%) (two males and three females) experienced partial remission. In total, complete or partial remission was achieved in six (100%) patients.
Conclusions: Administration of nonadjuvant HPV type 6 L1 VLPs vaccine to RRP was generally well tolerated and highly immunogenic.
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 9-13% and approximately 6 million people being infected each year. Mostly acquired during adolescence or young adulthood, HPV presents clinically as anogenital warts and may progress to precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis and anus, and oropharynx. HPV infection is considered to contribute to almost 100% cervical cancers and at least 80% of anal and 40-60% of vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers. At present, two prophylactic HPV vaccines are commercially available and both are prepared from purified L1 structural proteins. These proteins self-assemble to form virus-like particles that induce a protective immunity. Gardasil(?) is a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and is recommended for use in females 9-26 years of age, for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers and intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma acuminata and recently for vaccination in boys and men 9-26 years of age for the prevention of genital warts. Cervarix? is a bivalent vaccine approved for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by HPV 16 and 18, in females 10-25 years. HPV vaccines are safe and efficacious against type-specific HPV-induced anogenital warts, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. The vaccines are most effective when given before the onset of sexual activity and provide long-term protection. Effective vaccination coverage in young adolescent females will substantially reduce the incidence of these anogenital malignancy-related morbidity and mortality. There is need to generate India-specific data on HPV epidemiology and HPV vaccination efficacy as well as continue worldwide surveillance and development of newer vaccines.
COA
Publication 
Figure 1. The production mechanisms of prophylactic vaccines. (Source: Yousefi Z, et al., 2022)
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