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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly contagious DNA virus that is closely associated with the occurrence of various cancers, especially cervical cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are approximately 500000 new cases of cervical cancer worldwide each year, of which about 90% are related to HPV infection. Therefore, developing effective HPV vaccines and immune monitoring tools is of great significance for preventing HPV related diseases. The HPV Antibody Spreading ELISA Kit was born in this context, which not only detects an individual's immune status against HPV, but also provides critical immunological data support for vaccine development.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world, which has serious negative impacts on individuals' social life. Women and men who engage in sexual activity will be infected at least once in their lifetime (1), but there may not necessarily be any pathological changes. HPV belongs to the family Papillomaviridae and is a small double stranded DNA virus that can be divided into two categories: low-risk HPV (LR-HPV), which causes anal genital and skin warts; High risk HPV (HR-HPV) causes cancer in the oral, tonsil, and throat regions, as well as in the anal and genital areas, including cervical cancer, anal cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, and penile cancer.
Figure 1. Structural representation of HPV and the L1 protein used as antigen in current vaccines.(Kombe Kombe, et al. 2021)
In the normal cell cycle, basal epithelial cells undergo asymmetric division, updating both the basal layer and the skin or mucosal epithelium. Therefore, the number of divisions during cell differentiation is limited to the formation of the apical epithelium. On the contrary, HR-HPV infection can maintain this cell division, which is the long-term origin of previously proposed HPV related diseases. At the molecular level, overexpression of E6 and E7 proteins can maintain cell division. In fact, studies have shown that the overexpression of E6 and E7 oncogenes is due to the integration of the viral genome into the host genome, resulting in the loss of expression of certain viral genome parts (including E2), which negatively regulates p97. In the absence of E2 inhibitory activity, p97 freely induces the expression of E6 and E7, which has endangered molecular significance and increases the risk of disease, especially HPV related cancers.
Figure 1. Cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM) features in HR-HPV infection natural history.(Kombe Kombe, et al. 2021)
HPV infection has reached a considerable proportion globally, especially in the female population, and it is the leading cause of cancer in women, making HPV a current public health priority. In 2007, there were an estimated 291 million HPV positive women worldwide, and HPV infection has always been one of the most common viral infections in the world. The male HPV infection rate is high and not related to age. Men are the hosts or vectors of HPV (especially HR-HPV) in women (as well as MSM), and for women and MSM, any sexual characteristics are a potential mode of transmission.
| Importance | Descriptions |
| HPV vaccine and immune protection related factors | The current HPV vaccines are based on virus like particles (VLPs) of L1 capsid protein, which can induce strong neutralizing antibody responses. However, defining the threshold for protective antibodies remains a key challenge. The HPV antibody analysis ELISA kit helps solve this problem by:
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| Why ELISA is the gold standard | Compared to neutralization assays (such as pseudo virus particle based neutralization assays, PBNA), ELISA provides:
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In clinical trials of HPV vaccines, ELISA kits are widely used to evaluate the immunogenicity of the vaccine. For example, a study used an ELISA kit based on HPV16 L1 protein to detect antibody levels after different doses of vaccination and found that antibody titers significantly increased with increasing vaccine doses.
ELISA kits can not only be used for vaccine development, but also for evaluating an individual's immune status after vaccination. For example, in a study targeting low resource countries, researchers used an ELISA kit based on the HPV16 L1 protein to evaluate antibody levels in women of different age groups after receiving the HPV vaccine, and found that vaccination significantly increased antibody titers.
In vaccination programs, ELISA kits can be used to evaluate vaccine adherence and efficacy. For example, in a study targeting African countries, researchers used an ELISA kit based on the HPV16 L1 protein to evaluate the antibody levels of women in different regions after receiving the HPV vaccine, and found a positive correlation between vaccine adherence and antibody levels.
Multi subtype coverage
ELISA Kits can detect antibodies against different subtypes at the same time, more comprehensively reflect the spectrum of immune response induced by vaccine, to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccines against different subtypes.
High sensitivity
By optimizing the antigen coating, antibody screening and reaction conditions, as low as pg/mL of antibody can be detected. It can also accurately distinguish the reaction of different subtypes of antibody, and effectively avoid the interference of cross reaction.
Convenience
The reagent kit provides a complete experimental system and standardized operating procedures, with clear guidance from sample processing to result analysis, which can reduce the experimental operational errors.
Our ELISA solutions for HPV antibody profiling series is designed to support the entire lifecycle of HPV testing. These solutions utilize innovative detection chemistry and proprietary antibody pairs to provide excellent sensitivity and extremely low cross reactivity, ensuring reliable data even in the most challenging sample types. The main products include:
| ELISA Kit | Application |
| Human HPV 16 E7 Oncoprotein ELISA Kit | Human HPV16 E7 Oncoprotein ELISA Kit is an enzyme immunoassay developed for detection and quantitation of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 protein from cell lysates, tissue lysates, cervical smears, plasma and serum. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 96 assays including standard curve and HPV16 E7 samples. |
| Human HPV 18 Antigen ELISA Quantitation Kit | Enzyme immunoassay for quantitative analysis of HPV-18 antigen in samples. |
| Human HPV 16 L1-VLP IgG ELISA Kit | For the qualitative determination of human papillomavirus type 16 L1-VLPs (HPV16 L1) antibody (IgG) concentrations in human serum, plasma. |
HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, which can disrupt normal social life and cause fatal consequences. With few exceptions, the burden of HPV infection and related diseases in developing countries remains high, caused by factors such as poor living conditions, co infection with other pathogens, poor medical conditions, and high vaccine costs. Therefore, even though current vaccines have been proven to have satisfactory efficacy and safety, and the future expectations of the nine valent vaccine look promising, there is still a need to develop broad-spectrum vaccines against other HR-HPV variants and next-generation vaccines against other HPV proteins. The HPV antibody profile ELISA kit plays an important role in the development of HPV vaccines and immune monitoring. By quantitatively detecting the levels of neutralizing antibodies against different HPV types in serum, this kit can not only evaluate the immunogenicity and protective effect of vaccines, but also provide important data support for vaccine optimization and improvement.
Reference
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