Rabbit Anti-Human CIS monoclonal antibody, clone 6I7M22

Callosobruchus maculatusis the main pest of stored cowpeas in West Africa. To control this pest, chemicals are frequently used during post-harvest storage. In this study we assessed insecticide resistance inC. maculatuspopulations collected from Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger. Enzyme analysis was also performed to detect the basic mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance. Burkina Faso western strains proved to be more resistant to cypermethrin (RR50= 25-26.6) and to have moderate resistance to permethrin (RR50= 10.5-13) and Pirimiphos-methyl (RR50= 8-11). The enzymatic activities confirmed insecticide resistance in these strains (NA esterase: 0.2- 0.12 mu M/mg/min; PNPA esterase: 1.15-1.96 mu M/mg/min; GST: 1.01-1.32 mu M/mg/min; oxidase: 0.11-0.12 mu M/mg/min). Dakar and Niamey strains were less resistant to cypermethrin, permethrin, Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Pirimiphos-methyl. Resistance to OP and Py is likely due to the selection pressure imposed by their systematic use in fields and storage systems. Alternative pest control methods should be considered for resistance management or for delaying it as much as possible taking into account insect origin and behavior.

Introduction Despite organophosphate pesticide is the most prevalent cause of acute poisoning in low- and middle-income countries, data on organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) are limited. We aimed to characterize organophosphates' long-term effects on the peripheral nervous system after an acute cholinergic crisis in adults. Methods We performed a prospective observational study in an academic hospital of north India in patients aged 13-40 years with acute organophosphate ingestion. After resolving the cholinergic crisis, the patients were followed for six months with neurologic assessments, including history, neurologic examination, and nerve conduction study (NCS). Results Twenty-three patients were recruited to the study. All but one had normal neurological examination and NCS at discharge from hospital a median duration of six days (interquartile range, 3-10) after self-poisoning. Eight (34.8%) developed OPIDN during the six-month follow-up. Three patients had symptomatic neuropathy, and NCS detected subclinical peripheral nerve involvement in five. All cases were associated with chlorpyrifos ingestion (8/17 total chlorpyrifos cases). Two OPIDN cases had foot drop and gait ataxia at three-month which persist at six-month. One patient had distal paresthesia at three months, which improved at a six-month follow-up. NCS in OPIDN cases invariably revealed axonal degeneration, injury to motor fibers more than sensory fibers, and frequent peroneal nerve involvement. None of the baseline characteristics, including the ingested amount, predicted clinical or subclinical OPIDN in chlorpyrifos self-poisoned patients on a univariant analysis. Conclusion Peripheral nerve involvement is not uncommon after recovery from a cholinergic crisis in chlorpyrifos self-poisoning and debilitating in some patients. Detection of subclinical injury on NCS may provide an early window to prevent severe symptomatic neuropathy.