The West Nile Virus IgM ELISA Kits are qualitative immunoassays for detection of human antibodies in serum or plasma to West Nile Virus.
Contents of Kit
Storage
General Description
West Nile virus belongs to the family of flaviviruses along with Dengue virus, Yellow Fever virus and TBE virus. Birds such as ravens and sparrows represent the natural reservoirs for arthropod-borne viruses. Mosquitos of the genus Culex, Aedes, and IOchlerotatus are the main vectors of West Nile virus to humans. The RNA-genome of West Nile virus is surrounded by a spherical capsid of icosahedral symmetry. The capsid is enclosed in a lipid membrane. The envelope protein E, embedded in the outer membrane, is highly immunogenic. West Nile Virus was discovered in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda. In large parts of Africa, eastern Europe, and Asia, infections caused by West Nile virus have long been recorded. Since the 1990s, an increased number of epidemic outbreaks have occurred in Europe, Australia, and North America. The incubation period ranges from 3-14 days. Infections with West Nile virus are usually asymptomatic. In mild cases, flu-like symptoms such as fever, headaches, myalgia, and arthralgia as well as gastrointestinal symptoms may result (West Nile fever). The virus is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, and, therefore, in rare cases a West Nile virus infection can be accompanied by encephalitis, meningitis, or acute paralysis. As outbreaks increased in Europe, Australia, and America, severe cases of disease have also increased. These severe neurological disease forms mainly occur in elderly or immunocompromised individuals and can lead to death or permanent injury.
Citations
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Active West Nile virus transmission in Brazil: an epidemiological study
Shirlene T S de Lima, Ingra M Claro, Xinyi Hua, Ronaldo de Jesus, Kyla Serres, Leda M Simões Mello, Julia Forato, Filipe R R Moreira, Rodrigo B Kato, Gustavo N Guimarães, Gabriel C Scachetti, Pamela Dos Santos Andrade, Larissa M F Duarte, Maria Eduarda T de Lima, Clarissa P M Ferraz, Marisa P N Vianna, Rodrigo M Santiag, Enock L R Braga, Igor S Carneiro, Antonio Carlos L Firmino, Milena G Cabral, Caio Souza, Liana Perdigão Mello, Sabrina Li, Ester C Sabino, Maria Anice M Sallum, Scott C Weaver, Nuno R Faria, Camila M Romano, Simon Dellicour, José Luiz Proenca-Modena, William M de Souza
Lancet Reg Health Am2025 Sep 8PubMed ID: 40978564Read Article
Applications: ELISA Reactive species: Human
"Abstract: Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause neurological and fatal disease in animals and humans. Since its introduction into the USA in 1999, WNV has become the leading arbovirus in North America. In contrast, no major WNV outbreak has been reported in South America. Our study investigated active WNV circulation in Brazil.
Methods: We examined WNV epidemiological, molecular, genomic, and serological data from Brazil from January 2014 to December 2024. We also conducted WNV testing in 561 patients with febrile illness, neuroinvasive disease, or death between January 2019 and January 2024 in Ceará State, Brazil. Next, we conducted time series, mapping, ecological niche modeling, age-sex distribution, phylogenetic analyses, and statistical hypothesis tests.
Findings: Between January 2014 and December 2024, 110 West Nile cases were reported from 13 of 27 Brazilian states. In addition, our retrospective study in Ceará State revealed 12.1% (68 of 561 patients) were WNV cases, peaking in 2023, when 42.6% (29 of 68) of cases occurred. Among WNV cases, 7 (10.3%) had detected WNV RNA in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, or both, whereas 62 (89.7%) were IgM-positive, with 29 presenting with neurological complications, 35 with febrile illness, and four fatalities. WNV cases were reported in all months, with the highest numbers between May and August. Most cases were female (female-to-male ratio, 1.1:1), and the median age of patients was 40 years (interquartile range, 20-57). Our phylogenetic analysis showed that WNV lineage 1a circulated in Ceará State and caused a fatal horse case. Our ecological niche models identified several areas, mainly situated in the Northeast region, linked to a potentially higher risk of human exposure to local WNV circulation.
Interpretation: These findings comprehensively described consistent WNV circulation in Brazil and may contribute to informing public health policy, focusing on the strategies to determine the WNV burden in South America.
Funding: Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Wellcome Trust, National Institutes of Health, São Paulo Research Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Science, and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development." Article snippet: Additionally, a subset of serum and plasma samples was submitted to detect human antibodies specific for WNV using the WNV anti-IgM ELISA Kit (Creative Diagnostics, USA).
Figure 1. West Nile virus positivity rate by the detection method between January 1, 2014, and December, in Brazil.
Background
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. It was originally prevalent in Africa, Asia, Europe, and other regions. It was introduced into North America in 1999. Birds are the natural storage (magnifying) hosts of viruses, which are mainly transmitted by mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle in nature. Most infected people have no obvious symptoms, but the severity of clinical symptoms can range from West Nile fever without complications to fatal meningitis, which can be judged by the patient's signs and symptoms, history of possible exposure to WNV-carrying mosquitoes, and laboratory tests in serum or spinal fluid. At present, there is no treatment or vaccine for WNV virus, through symptomatic treatment to alleviate the pain of patients. Most people infected with West Nile virus have lifelong immunity and will not be reinfected with the disease.
Serologic testing is still the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis, with WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies occurring between the acute and recovery phases of the disease, and WNV neutralizing antibody titers being more than four times higher than the corresponding titers for other flaviviruses. It is worth noting, however, that neutralizing antibody responses to multiple flaviviruses usually occur in flavivirus infections after the second, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. The ideal specimens for the neutralization test assay are acute-phase specimens from the first day of illness and recovery-phase specimens collected 3 weeks later, respectively. In addition, the presence of recent WNV infection can be inferred by detecting IgM in serum or cerebrospinal fluid.
Serum IgM can be present for a long time in patients with WN encephalitis and is likely to be detected 1 year after onset of the disease, and because IgM antibodies do not cross the blood-brain barrier, detection of IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid can indicate central nervous system infection. Detection of IgM antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid using ELISA is the best clinical method for detecting WNV. Creative Diagnostics can provide you with west nile virus ELISA kits for quantitative and qualitative detection of human antibodies to West Nile virus in serum or plasma.
Alternative Names
WNV IgM ELISA Kit
References
1. Chancey C, et al. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:376230.
2. Rochlin I, et al. West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in North America. J Med Entomol. 2019 Oct 28;56(6):1475-1490.
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References
West Nile Virus Mosquito Vectors in North America
J Med Entomol
Authors: Rochlin I, Faraji A, Healy K, Andreadis TG.
In North America, the geographic distribution, ecology, and vectorial capacity of a diverse assemblage of mosquito species belonging to the genus Culex determine patterns of West Nile virus transmission and disease risk. East of the Mississippi River, mostly ornithophagic Culex pipiens L. complex mosquitoes drive intense enzootic transmission with relatively small numbers of human cases. Westward, the presence of highly competent Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) under arid climate and hot summers defines the regions with the highest human risk. West Nile virus human risk distribution is not uniform geographically or temporally within all regions. Notable geographic 'hotspots' persist with occasional severe outbreaks. Despite two decades of comprehensive research, several questions remain unresolved, such as the role of non-Culex bridge vectors, which are not involved in the enzootic cycle, but may be involved in virus transmission to humans. The absence of bridge vectors also may help to explain the frequent lack of West Nile virus 'spillover' into human populations despite very intense enzootic amplification in the eastern United States. This article examines vectorial capacity and the eco-epidemiology of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in four geographic regions of North America and presents some of the unresolved questions
Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat & preparedness in special perspective to India
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne single-stranded RNA neurotropic virus within the family Flaviviridae. The virus was first reported in the West Nile province of Uganda in 1937. Since then, sporadic cases have been reported until the last two decades when it has emerged as a threat to public health. The emergence of WNV with more severity in recent times is intriguing. Considering this phenomenon, the WNV-affected areas of the world were distinguished as old versus new in a depicted world map. The present review showcases the historical and epidemiological perspectives of the virus, genetic diversity of prevailing lineages and clinical spectrum associated with its infection. Emergence of the virus has been discussed in special context to India because of co-circulation of different WNV lineages/strains along with other flaviviruses. Recent laboratory diagnostics, vaccine development and clinical management associated with WNV infection have also been discussed. Further, the research gaps, especially in context to India have been highlighted that may have a pivotal role in combating the spread of WNV.
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Figure 1. West Nile virus positivity rate by the detection method between January 1, 2014, and December, in Brazil. 
Figure 1. WNV transmission cycle
