Sample
serum, plasma, urine
Intended Use
This assay is an enzyme immunoassay intended for the quantitative determination of free and not actin complex bound vitamin D binding protein in serum, plasma and urine.
Contents of Kit
1. Holder with precoated strips: 12 x 8 wells
2. ELISA wash buffer concentrate, 10X: 2 x 100 mL
3. POD antibody, (rabbit-anti-VDBP, peroxidase-labeled), pre-diluted: 1 x 200 μL
4. Calibrators, lyophilized (60; 20; 6, 6; 2, 2; 0 ng/mL): 4 x 5 vials
5. Standard dilution buffer: 1 x 20 mL
6. Control 1, lyophilized: 4 vials
7. Control 2, lyophilized: 4 vials
8. Dilution buffer, ready to use: 2 x 100 mL
9. TMB substrate (tetramethylbenzidine), ready to use: 1 x 15 mL
10. ELISA stop solution, ready to use: 1 x 15 mL
Storage
Store the kit at 4°C upon receipt. For more detailed information, please download the following document on our website.
Precision
Intra-assay Precision: 3.2%-5.0%
Inter-assay Precision: 12.7%
Citations
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Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) is a multifunctional protein, the primary vitamin D transporter that accumulates body total vitamin D and regulates free levels: 85–90% of the 25-(OH)D3 in the bloodstream is tightly bound to VDBP, 10–15% loosely bound to albumin (ALB), and fewer than 1 per cent free-floating in the body. VDBP's principal function is to bind and transport vitamin D metabolites, but it has other biological functions as well: actin clearance, fatty acid binding and transport, neutrophil chemotaxis, and the mobilisation of macrophages.
The VDBP gene is encoded by the GC gene located on chromosome 4q12-q13 and consists of 13 exons and 12 introns. This gene exhibits a high degree of polymorphism, including two major SNPs found in exon 11, rs4588 and rs7041, which give rise to three primary alleles and 120 rare allele variants. Both rs4588 and rs7041 may be associated with variations in vitamin D status in serum. Different combinations of alleles result in varying affinities for vitamin D metabolites, circulating concentrations, and geographical and ethnic distributions.
Figure 1. Gene and chromosome structure of GC/DBP
(Source: Bouillon R, et al. 2020)
VDBP is involved not just in the metabolisation and distribution of vitamin D, but also in the physiological mechanism of vitamin D action. Active vitamin D is a major treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and its treatment is central. However, as the disease progresses, some SHPT patients develop resistance to active vitamin D. Researchers have found that the proportion of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid glands of these patients is significantly elevated, and the expression of VDBP in these oxyphil cells decreases. This suggests that the decline in VDBP levels within oxyphil cells may contribute to the resistance to active vitamin D treatment. This further indicates that VDBP may have a role in the pathway through which vitamin D exerts its effects.
Alternative Names
VDBP ELISA Kit
References
1. Bouillon R, et al. Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Historic Overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2020 Jan 10;10:910.
2. Delanghe JR, et al. Behind the scenes of vitamin D binding protein: more than vitamin D binding. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Oct;29(5):773-86.
A Salting-out Liquid-Liquid extraction (SALLE) for the analysis of caprolactam and 2,4-di-tert butyl phenol in water and food simulants. Study of the salinity effect to specific migration from food contact materials
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES
Authors: Tsochatzis, Emmanouil D.; Mieth, Anja; Lopes, Joao Alberto; Simoneau, Catherine
Abstract
Caprolactam and 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,4-DTBP) are substances typically found in some food contact materials (FCMs). They are known to often migrate into food, and are difficult to analyse in liquid food simulants using GC. In this work a simple salting-out Liquid-Liquid Extraction (SALLE) for the analysis of both substances in water and the official food simulant A (10 % v/v ethanol, Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011) is presented. The method, which included analytical determination by GC-MS, was optimized and validated to ensure sufficient analytical quality. The method's LOQs allowed the proper quantification of caprolactam at its EU legislative limit (15 mg kg(-1)). For 2,4-DTBP the method also revealed good sensitivity, although no official limits have been established yet. Linear regression coefficients (R-2) were in all cases higher than 0.999, and recoveries ranged from 87 % and 95% for caprolactam and 2,4-DTBP, respectively. Precision was also acceptable, with the RSDs (%) below 12 %. The method proved to be adequate to be used for routine analysis. The presence of salt during migration of caprolactam and 2,4-DTBP was also investigated in this work. Polyamide/polyethylene FCM multilayer films have been tested with water and simulant A, containing different amounts of NaCl (up to 15 % m/v), and applying different migration conditions (temperature and time). The results indicated that salinity plays an important effect on the migration of caprolactam, with the presence of salt reducing its migration in case of water and increasing it in case of simulant A. These preliminary results seem to indicate that migration testing should consider not only the well-known fatty content of a food, but also its salinity content, as it may end up affecting drastically the migration of polar substances.
Impact of Punica granatum-based green larvicide on the predation rate of Polypedates cruciger for the control of mosquito vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL INSECT SCIENCE
Authors: Jebanesan, Arulsamy; Baranitharan, Mathalaimuthu; Kovendan, Kalimuthu; Avery, Pasco B.
Abstract
Mosquitoes can transmit the causal agent of various human diseases, resulting in millions of deaths every year. In the present study, four simple and inexpensive leaf extracts of Punica granatum, prepared with methanol solvents of increasing polarity, against various developmental stages of the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus were assessed. The compound composition in each methanol extract was first identified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer analysis and the main component was phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl); then it was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analysis of H-1 NMR. The LC50 and LC90 values of the methanol-derived extract against mosquito larvae were 125.78 and 225.98; 115.28 and 209.50 ppm, against both vectros. Under laboratory conditions, the predation rate of the Polypedates cruciger against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was assessed. The mean number of mosquito prey per larval instars (I to IV) consumed daily by the tadpoles was 22.16 (I), 20.78 (II), 18.96 (III), 15.17 (IV) and 21.30 (I), 19.72 (II), 18.04 (III), 13.78 (IV) for An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Post-exposure to the methanol-derived leaf extract of P. granatum, the mean number of mosquito larvae prey consumed per tadpole per day increased which indicates that this natural mosquito larvicide on non-target tadpoles is compatible and can be used as part of a biological control program against these mosquitoes. This study suggests that the effective plant crude methanol-derived extracts has potential as an alternative eco-friendly approach for vector control of these mosquito larval pests.
COA
Certificate of Analysis
