Sulfonamides II ELISA kit

N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) is a plasticizer and emerging contaminant that has been detected in a wide array of environmental samples. There are very little toxicity data available with which to evaluate potential risk from exposure to NBBS or other structurally-related sulfonamide plasticizers. To address this knowledge gap, NBBS was selected by the National Toxicology Program for evaluation. The current short-term pre- and postnatal (perinatal) study aims to provide preliminary toxicity and gestational transfer data for NBBS. NBBS was administered via dosed feed at concentrations of 0, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, and 10,000 ppm to time-mated Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD (R)) rats from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 28. The high concentration of 10,000 ppm NBBS was overtly toxic to dams, and the group was removed on GD 17-18. Exposure to NBBS resulted in lower maternal weights during the gestational period in the 5000 and 10,000 ppm groups as compared to control weights. Dams also displayed lower weights in the lactational period, which resolved to control levels by PND 28. NBBS exposure did not affect pregnancy or littering parameters in F0 dams. However, pup survival was lower in the 5000 ppm group, and pup weights were dose-responsively lower than control pup weights with the difference expanding over the postnatal period. The lowest observed effect level (LOEL) based on significantly lower body weights was 5000 ppm NBBS for F0 dams and 2500 ppm NBBS for F1 pups. Preliminary data for NBBS levels indicated that the chemical was transferred from dams to offspring during the gestational period.

The appearance and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in natural environments and wildlife are related to agricultural and livestock activities and are a global health and conservation problem. We assessed the presence of AMR genes in Escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), and horses (Equus caballus) from a highly fragmented forest in southern Mexico. Fresh fecal samples were collected using swabs, seeded on eosin-methylene blue agar, and E. coli colonies identified by PCR; multiplex-PCR was performed on E. coli DNA for the detection of 10 AMR genes from four families (sulfonamides, tetracycline, b-lactamase, and chloramphenicol). We detected E. coli in 94% (48/51) of fecal samples, of which 33% (16/48) tested positive for at least one AMR gene. We detected AMR genes in at least one individual from each sampled animal species, with the most prevalent genes being tet(B) 18% (9/48), sul2 14% (7/48), sul1, and blaTEM 12% (6/48). Sheep samples contained AMR genes from the four families of antibiotics detected in this study and 50% (5/10) tested positive for the presence of at least one gene. A total of 12% (2/16) of fecal samples from black howler monkeys tested positive for AMR genes. The presence of AMR genes in A. pigra and domestic animals has not been reported in the Balancan area of Tabasco, Mexico. Transmission of AMR bacteria from domestic animals to monkeys is rare; however, this is a potential health risk for wildlife and species conservation.