Rabbit Serum

Name: Rabbit Serum
SKU: DAG138
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

COA

SDS

Datasheet

Summary

Target

Serum

Nature

Native

Tag/Conjugate

Unconjugated

Format

Liquid

Preservative

None

Storage

2-8°C short term, -20°C long term

Introduction

In blood, the serum is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms). A study of serum is serology, and may also include proteomics. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as blood typing.

Keywords

Rabbit; Serum

Citations

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Background

Rabbit serum is the liquid part separated from rabbit blood, containing water, proteins, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, metabolic products, lipids, and other components. Water is the main component of serum, accounting for about 90%, and it acts as a solvent, helping to dissolve and transport various components within the serum. Proteins make up around 7-8% of the serum, including immunoglobulins, albumin, and globulins. Immunoglobulins (Ig), such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD, play key roles in immune responses. IgG is the most abundant antibody in serum and is responsible for long-term immune protection; IgM primarily functions during the initial infection; IgA is present in mucosal secretions; IgE is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections; IgD is related to B-cell activation. Albumin makes up about 60% of the total proteins, with its main function being the maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure in plasma and acting as a carrier for transporting fatty acids, hormones, and drugs. Globulins include four subclasses: α1, α2, β, and γ, which have various functions such as enzyme inhibition, iron transport, and immune responses. Serum also contains various electrolytes, including sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, and chloride ions, which play key roles in maintaining fluid balance and numerous physiological functions. Hormones like thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), adrenal cortex hormones (such as cortisol), insulin, and glucagon are involved in metabolism and physiological regulation. Enzymes such as transaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) participate in various biochemical reactions in the body, and their levels change in response to physiological or pathological changes. Metabolic products in the serum, like urea and creatinine, are mainly waste products of protein metabolism, while bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of red blood cells and is primarily excreted through the liver. Changes in its levels can reflect liver and biliary system health. Lipid components, including cholesterol and triglycerides, are related to the structure of cell membranes and cardiovascular health.

Due to its rich components, rabbit serum has broad applications in scientific and medical research. In immunology research, rabbit serum is used for antibody production and detection. By injecting specific antigens into rabbits, their immune system produces antibodies specific to the antigen, which can be extracted and used in various immunoassays, such as Western blot, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antibodies in rabbit serum can also be used to develop new immunoassay kits for detecting specific proteins or antigens in the body. In vaccine research, rabbit serum is used to evaluate the immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccines. After vaccination, the rabbit's immune system produces antibodies against vaccine components, and by measuring the concentration and type of these antibodies, researchers can assess the vaccine's protective effects. The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness usually involves collecting rabbit serum before and after vaccination to analyze changes in antibody levels using methods like ELISA. At the same time, the safety of the vaccine is assessed by monitoring biomarkers and immune responses in the serum to detect any adverse or abnormal immune reactions.In drug research, rabbit serum is used for pharmacology and toxicology testing, helping to evaluate the effects and safety of new drugs. Drugs affect physiological and biochemical processes in the body, and by measuring the drug concentration in rabbit serum and its effects on biomarkers and enzymes, researchers can evaluate the pharmacological effects and potential toxicity of the drug. Drug concentration measurement can be performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), while toxicity evaluation is done by analyzing biochemical markers in the serum, such as liver enzymes and kidney function markers, to identify potential side effects.

Rabbit serum is also used for developing and validating biomarkers, helping to detect and monitor disease states and treatment effects. Biomarkers are molecules related to diseases, and by measuring these markers in rabbit serum, new diagnostic tools can be developed, or treatment effects can be evaluated. Biomarker discovery often involves analyzing changes in serum components to identify disease-related markers, which may involve proteomics techniques. Biomarker validation involves testing the specificity and sensitivity of candidate markers to ensure their practicality in disease detection. Additionally, rabbit serum is used as an additive in cell culture media, providing nutrients and growth factors necessary for cell growth. Cells need appropriate nutrients and growth factors to support their growth and proliferation in vitro, and the proteins and growth factors in rabbit serum can provide these essential components. The preparation of culture media typically includes adding rabbit serum to the base culture solution, commonly at a 10% concentration. The growth and health of the cells can be regularly monitored to ensure that the nutrients and growth factors in the rabbit serum are sufficient to support the normal functions of the cells.

Alternative Names

Rabbit Plasma
Serum from Rabbit
Rabbit-derived serum
Rabbit Blood Serum

Documents

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pdf Datasheet

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Customer Reviews

References

Delayed full opening of bumped switchable molecular probe enables repeated generation of target analogues for mix-to-signaling determination of microRNAs

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

Authors: Ma, Xiaoming; He, Shan; Zhang, Huifang; Li, Xun; Xue, Jun; Fan, Xiaolin; Lu, Yusheng; Chen, Yiting; Zhang, Yanjie; Xu, Jianguo

Abstract

Herein, we have designed a unique oligonucleotide probe named as bumped switchable molecular probe (BS-MB) and employ it to ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21. The uniqueness is that the bumped portion renders the BS-MB great design flexibility and divides its long stem into two short stems so that it can play the roles of recognition unit, reporting unit, and polymerization primer and template simultaneously. The opening of BS-MB requires a delayed reaction, allowing the system a better-suppressed background without miRNA-21. In contrast, the introduction of miRNA-21 delayed the full opening of BS-MB, inducing a concurrent three-stage amplification for consuming lots of BS-MBs in one amplification event. During the amplification, lots of target analogues of extended miRNA-21 (E-miRNA-21) and cleavaged miRNA-21 (C-miRNA-21) that can be reused as miRNA-21 to cause further fluorescence enhancement are repeatedly generated. The system retains the simplicity (one oligonucleotide probe) and simplifies the detection procedure (one-step detection). Its mix-to-signaling and oneto-many amplification behaviors are superior to conventional MB based amplification, exhibiting a wide linear response and a low detection limit of 8.1 fM. High specificity against even one-base mutation, desirable recovery rates for testing miRNA-spiked serum samples, and well-defined accuracy for classifying clinically related samples are also demonstrated.

Exposure of lead on intestinal structural integrity and the diversity of gut microbiota of common carp

COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY

Authors: Zhang, Yue; Zhang, Peijun; Shang, Xinchi; Lu, Yuting; Li, Yuehong

Abstract

Lead is an environmental toxicant that has toxicity effect to the health of aquatic organisms. Gut microbiota has been reported to be closely related to human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lead exposure on the composition of gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota alteration was detected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, following a 42-day exposure of lead (1 mg/L). The results showed that compared with the normal control group, the carp of lead group showed severe intestinal tissues injury and decreased Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin expression. The production of LPS in serum was increased by the treatment of lead exposure. Our results showed gut bacterial diversity in lead-treated common carp was lower than the control group. At the phylum level, the abundance of Bacteroidetes (LPS producing bacteria) and Fusobacteria in lead-treated carp were much higher than the control carp. And the abundance of Actinobacteria decreased by lead exposure. At the genus level, we found the abundance of Bacteroides (LPS producing bacteria) and Plesiomonas (an important pathogenic bacteria), increased significantly by lead exposure. And the abundance of Akkermansia, a critical probiotics, was markedly inhibited by lead exposure. In conclusion, this study indicated exposure of carp to lead causes gut microbiota alterations and intestinal structural integrity destruction.