Anti-PKM2 monoclonal antibody, clone 6E34C4

Patients with hepatic encephalopathy.(HE) show working memory and visuo-spatial orientation deficits. Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to cognitive impairment in HE. Hyperammonemic rats show impaired spatial learning and learning ability in the Y maze. Intracerebral administration of extracellular cGMP restores learning in the Y-maze. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. It also remains unknown whether extracellular cGMP improves neuroinflammation or restores spatial learning in hyperammonemic rats and if it affects differently reference and working memory. The aims of this work were: a) assess whether treatment with extracellular cGMP reduces hippocampal neuroinflammation and restores spatial learning in hyperammonemic rats. b) analyze the underlying mechanisms, including changes in membrane expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors. Spatial working and reference memory were assessed using the radial and Morris water mazes and neuroinflammation by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Membrane expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits was analyzed using the BS3 crosslinker. Extracellular cGMP was administered intracerebrally using osmotic minipumps. Chronic hyperammonemia induces neuroinflammation in hippocampus, with astrocytes activation and increased IL-1 beta, which are associated with increased NMDA receptors membrane expression and impaired working memory. This process is not affected by extracellular cGMP. Hyperammonemia also activates microglia and increases TNF-alpha, alters membrane expression of AMPA receptor subunits (increased GluA1 and reduced GluA2) and impairs reference memory. All these changes are reversed by extracellular cGMP. These results show that extracellular cGMP modulates spatial reference memory but not working memory. This would be mediated by modulation of TNF-alpha levels and of membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPA receptors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Today the development of electronic technology has reached the generation of the Internet of Things. IoT is a collection of objects (things), in the form of a physical device (hardware) that is able to exchange information between sources of information. The development of creative industries through IoT is expected to be a solution to keep entrepreneurship among students who will contribute to economic development. This Entrepreneurship PKM Activity was attended by 35 students from various study programs in the environment of DPTE FPTK UPI, and they followed this activity carefully starting from the stages of preparation, implementation, apprenticeship to the partner industry until the evaluation stage. Various innovative creations that combine technology with IoT utilization have been generated from the results of training activities, including, Smart Home, Automatic Glass Mixer With Blynk, Smart Building and Motor Controller. It is finding the future challenges and the existence of these business opportunities and as an effort to develop entrepreneurship in the field of information technology, especially those based on creative industries through the use of the Inetet of Things for UPI students, this PKM activity is one means to realize economic growth both locally, regionally and internationally.