Enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of lgG/lgM antibodies against the serotype Puumala of Hantavirus in human serum. For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
Contents of Kit
1 × 12 × 8, MTP. Mlcrotiter Plate. Ready to use. Break apart wells. Coated with recombinant Puumala antigen N120. 1 × 0.75 mL, ANTI IgG CONJ CONC. Enzyme Conjugate Concentrate (20×). Anti-IgG conjugated to peroxidase. 1 × 0.75 mL, ANTI IgM CONJ CONC. Enzyme Conjugate Concentrate (20×). Anti-IgM conjugated to peroxidase. 1 × 1.5 mL, CONTROL + IgG. Positive Control IgG. Ready to use. Contains: Human serum, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 1.5 mL, REFCONTROL IgG. Reference Control IgG. Ready to use. Contains: Human serum, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 1.5 mL, CONTROL + IgM. Positive Control IgM. Ready to use. Contains: Human serum, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 1.5 mL, REFCONTROL IgM. Reference Control IgM. Ready to use. Contains: Human serum, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 1.9 mL, CONTROL -. Negative Control IgM. Ready to use. Contains: Human serum, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 15 mL, DILBUF CONC. Diluent Buffer Concentrate (20×). Red colored. Contains: PBS pH 7.4, 0.01 % (w/v) Thimerosal, detergents. 1 × 100 mL, WASHBUF CONC. Wash Buffer Concentrate (10×). Contains: phosphate buffer. 1 × 1.5 mL, RF-AB. RF-Absorbent. Ready to use. Contains: anti-human IgG, stabilizers, preservatives. 1 × 15 mL, TMB SUBS. TMB Substrate Solution. Ready to use. Contains: TMB (tetramethylbenzidine). 1 × 15 mL, STOP. Stop Solution. Ready to use. Contains: 0.5 M H2SO4. 1 × FOIL. Adhesive Foil.
Storage
The kit is shipped at ambient temperature and should be stored at 2-8°C. Keep away from heat or direct sun light. The unopened reagents are stable until the expiry date indicated. The storage and stability of specimen and prepared reagents is stated in the corresponding chapters. The microtiter strips are stable up to the expiry date of the kit in the broken. but tightly closed bag when stored at 2-8°C.
Precision
Citations
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Background
These are the geographic and epidemiological groups of Hantaviruses (HV): Old World Hantaviruses: Among those viruses more common in Europe and Asia, HFR can trigger Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS). Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus. Pathologic manifestations of HFRS include arterial hyperpermeability, hypotension and kidney failure. New World Hantaviruses: A Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome or HCPS associated with an Americas specific virus. Andes virus, NY-1V, Sin Nombre virus. Pneumonia embolism, respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock are all common features of HCPS. Hantavirus is an evil thing – 200,000 people worldwide get infected each year. HFRS has a mortality of 5%–15%, whereas HCPS has a mortality rate of 40%.
The virus have a diameter of 80-120 nm. Hantavirus spikes on the envelope are tetrameric, heterodimers of two glycoproteins that allow the virus to attach itself to and reach host cells. It's single-stranded negative-sense RNA with S, M and L segments coding for proteins including nucleocapsid protein, glycoproteins and RdRp. This viral RNA binds to RdRp and packed inside the nucleocapsid. RdRp mediates the transcription and replication of the hantavirus genome through its transcriptase, replicase, and endonuclease activities. Additionally, some hantaviruses encode a non-structural protein in their S segment. Hantaviruses are very robust in the environment. They can keep for 10 days in the room and 18 days at 4°C or -20°C. Yet they can be instantly killed by 60°C heating for 30 minutes, ultraviolet light or washing with detergents, chemical solvents or hypochlorite solutions. Such properties are relevant for controlling hantavirus spread through the air.
Infection with hantavirus starts with binding to host cells, using surface molecules like integrins. Once attached to the host cell, the virus could be introduced by clathrin-induced endocytosis, macropinocytosis or cholesterol-mediated processes. After they're in the cell, the virus particles are delivered to early endosomes. As the endosomes mature, their pH gradually decreases, triggering conformational changes in the Gc glycoprotein. This change causes the Gc fusion loop to insert into the endosomal membrane, pulling the endosomal membrane and the viral envelope together. This fusion process leads to uncoating and the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm.
Figure 1. An overview of the hantavirus entry pathway (Source: Mittler E, et al. 2019)
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References
Propofol suppresses the His-ventricular conduction in paediatric patients
What is known and objective Propofol is the most commonly used intravenous anaesthetic worldwide and is considered to be safe for all ages. However, there have been some reports that propofol induces severe atrioventricular (AV) blocks in humans and some studies demonstrated that propofol suppressed the cardiac conduction system in animals. A precise mechanism by which the block is induced has not been elucidated yet in humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of propofol on the cardiac conduction system and the cardiac autonomic nervous balance in children. Methods We enrolled 23 paediatric patients (age: 6-15 years; males: 16, females: 7) who were scheduled to undergo radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol and 0.5 mu g/kg/min remifentanil, and tracheal intubation was performed with the aid of 1 mg/kg rocuronium. Anaesthesia was maintained with 5-7 mg/kg/h propofol and 0.2 mu g/kg/min remifentanil during the RFCA. After the completion of the RFCA, anaesthesia was further maintained with 5 mg/kg/h propofol and 0.2 mu g/kg/min remifentanil for at least 10 min (LC: low propofol concentration state), followed by the injection of 2 mg/kg propofol and the infusion of 10 mg/kg/h propofol for 10 min (HC: high propofol concentration state). The sinus node recovery time (SNRT), sinoatrial conduction time (SACT), atrial-His (AH) interval and the His-ventricular (HV) interval were measured at the end of both the LC and HC. Cardiac autonomic regulation was simultaneously assessed based on heart rate variability. Results and discussion Propofol significantly suppressed intrinsic cardiac HV conduction, but did not affect the SNRT, SACT or the AH interval. As HV blocks, which occur below the His bundle, are often life-threatening, the HV conduction delay may be a cause of severe AV blocks induced by propofol. Propofol directly suppressed parasympathetic nerve activity, and sympathetic nerve activity was also suppressed. What is new and conclusion These results indicate that propofol suppresses the HV conduction and might help to elucidate the mechanism by which propofol causes lethal AV blocks.
Processing Characteristics of Micro Electrical Discharge Machining for Surface Modification of TiNi Shape Memory Alloys Using a TiC Powder Dielectric
Titanium-nickel shape memory alloy (SMA) has good biomedical application value as an implant. Alloy corrosion will promote the release of toxic nickel ions and cause allergies and poisoning of cells and tissues. With this background, surface modification of TiNi SMAs using TiC-powder-assisted micro-electrical discharge machining (EDM) was proposed. This aims to explore the effect of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) parameters and TiC powder concentration on the machining properties and surface characteristics of the TiNi SMA. It was found that the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and thickness of the recast layer increased with an increase in the discharge energy. TiC powder's addition had a positive effect on increasing the electro-discharge frequency and MRR, reducing the surface roughness, and the maximum MRR and the minimum surface roughness occurred at a mixed powder concentration of 5 g/L. Moreover, the recast layer had good adhesion and high hardness due to metallurgical bonding. XRD analysis found that the machined surface contains CuO2, TiO2, and TiC phases, contributing to an increase in the surface microhardness from 258.5 to 438.7 HV, which could be beneficial for wear resistance in biomedical orthodontic applications.
COA![The purity of Recombinant HTNV N Protein [GST] >95%, determined by SDS-PAGE](https://resource.creative-diagnostics.com/diagnostics/productimages-1/DAG466-1.jpg)
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Figure 1. An overview of the hantavirus entry pathway
