Hantavirus Dobrava/Hantaan IgG/IgM ELISA Kit

Hantaviruses can be categorized into Old World and New World viruses, with Old World viruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), including prototypical Hantaan viruses Hantaan virus (HTNV), Puumala virus (PUUV), and Dobrava virus (DOBV), and New World viruses causing Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), including Andean virus (ANDV), Sin Nombre virus (SNV), and Choclo virus (CHOV). Hantaviruses are enveloped viruses with diameters between 80 and 120 nm, and the viral genome can be divided into three segments, small (S), medium (M), and large (L), which encode nucleoproteins (N), glycoproteins (G_n and G_c), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, respectively, which are all single-stranded negative-sense RNA molecules. The viral envelope consists of a bilayer of lipids secreted by the Golgi complex, which is lined with spiny proteins protruding from the lipid layer for about 10 nm, which consist of heterodimeric forms of G_n and G_c glycoproteins and have a pronounced binding affinity for oligomers.

Figure 1. Hantavirus structure and genome organization
(Source: Afzal S, et al. 2023)

Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans via persistently infected rodents or remaining hosts, so the ecological and geographic distribution of hantaviruses is closely linked to the distribution of natural hosts. Humans do not fall within the natural host range of hantaviruses and are generally infected with the virus through contact with an infected natural host or accidental inhalation of virus-containing aerosols from rodent excreta (e.g., urine, feces, and saliva); therefore, infection and transmission of the virus in humans is limited to animal hosts, and only ANDV has been demonstrated to have the capacity for human-to-human transmission.

Figure 2. Hantavirus life cycle and spillover infection to humans
(Source: Avšič-Županc T, et al. 2019)

Hantaviruses infect endothelial cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes by attaching viral glycoproteins to cell surface receptors. Hantavirus infection of microvascular endothelial cells alters the barrier properties of these cells, leading to target organ vascular leakage disease, which manifests as HFRS in renal infections and HPS in pulmonary infections. HFRS is characterized by renal failure and hemorrhagic manifestations ranging from petechiae to severe internal bleeding. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is characterized by pneumonia and cardiovascular dysfunction.