Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus antibody, HTLV (1+2) Ab ELISA Kit

Name: Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus antibody, HTLV (1+2) Ab ELISA Kit
SKU: DEIA079
Rating: 5 (1 reviews)

Regulatory status: For research use only, not for use in diagnostic procedures.

COA

SDS

Datasheet

Summary

Sample

serum, plasma

Species Reactivity

Human

Detection Method

sELISA

Intended Use

This ELISA kit is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for qualitative detection of antibodies to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus types 1 and/or 2 (HTLV-1/2) in human serum or plasma.

Storage

The components of the kit will remain stable through the expiration date indicated on the label and package when stored between 2-8°C, do not freeze. To assure maximum performance of this ELISA kit, during storage, protect the reagents from contamination with microorganism or chemicals.

Performance Characteristics

The clinical performances of this assay have been evaluated by a panel of samples obtained from 22145 healthy blood donors from 3 blood banks and by a panel of samples from 125 HTLV 1/2 positive patients (105 HTLV 1 and 20 HTLV 2 samples from patients with well characterized clinical history and confirmed Western Blot and PCR positive results). The evaluation results are given below.

Performance on BBI anti-HTLV panel:

Performance on Pasteur Institute anti-HTLV panel:

General Description

The human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) is a member of the family of Retroviridae, consisting of enveloped double stranded RNA viruses and genetically not related to HIV1&2; however, they have similar routes of transmission and can have extremely long period of latency prior to manifestation of disease. HTLV type 1 was reported in 1980 as the first retrovirus shown to be pathogenic to humans. The virus preferentially infects CD4+ lymphocytes while the infections of CD8+ T lymphocytes are rare. In contrast to HTLV 1, HTLV type 2 can infect all type of lymphocytes as well as the macrophages. HTLV 1&2 is transmitted transplacentally, parenterally, by sexual contacts and by infected blood. The diseases associated with HTLV infection are usually classified as malignant or nonmalignant clinical presentations. HTLV 1 is endemic in southern Japan, the Caribbean and the US and many other scattered population through the world. HTLV 2 is endemic in some North American Indian tribes but is detected mostly in intravenous drug users and their sexual partners.

Citations

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Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 Antibodies Seroprevlance Among Blood Donors at National Public Health Blood Bank, KhartoumSudan 2019

Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish

Curre Res in Onco2019 NovRead Article

Applications: ELISA
Reactive species: Human
"Abstract: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV 1/2) are well known causes of adult T cell leukemia lymphoma. Both viruses were established to be transmitted through various mode including sexual contact and blood transfusion. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevlance of HTLV-1/2 antibodies among blood donors in Public Health Laboratory. During the period of August to October 2019 a total of 394 blood samples were obtained from blood donors visiting the Blood bank of National Public Health Laboratory, both males and females were included. Five ml blood samples were obtained from each blood donor in plain container then the serum sample wasseprated by centrifugation at 3000rpm for 5 min. The samples were analyzed for the presence of anti - HTLV-1,2 by a commercially available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay following the instructions of the manufacturer. Positive and negative controls were included in each assay. The study participants were include 361 (91.6%) males and 33 (8.4%) females .The donors ages ranged from 18 to 53 years (median 33 and mode 18 years) and most of them were less than 25 years age. The result show that Of the 394 blood donors, four (4) were found to be seropositive for HTLV-1 antibodies giving a prevalence of 1.02%. While all samples were negative for the HTLV-2 antibodies. Among HTLV-1 positive cases 3 were male (75%) while only one female (25%) was found to be seropositive for HTLV-1 antibodies. None of the married donors was found to be seropositive for HTLV-1. We conclude that the seroprevalence of HTLV 1/2 were matched to the internationally estimated prevalence among blood donors at Blood Bank of national health laboratory and the majority of the cases were male under 40 years old. Further studies should be done with inclusion of more samples and using more sensitive technique like Westron blot or PCR."
Article snippet: The samples were analyzed for the presence of anti HTLV-1, 2 by a commercially available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus antibody, HTLV (1+2) Ab ELISA Kit - Creative Diagnostics, Shirley, NY, US).

Detection of HTLV-1 using ELISA. (Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish, 2019)

Figure 1. Result of HTLV - 1 serology test

Background

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was first identified in lymphocytes from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, followed by HTLV-2 in lymphocytes from patients with hairy-cell leukemia and/or hairy-cell trichobezoar leukemia, which are enveloped retroviruses ranging in size from 100 to 120 nm. The glycoproteins gp21 and gp46 are localized in the viral envelope and are involved in viral binding to cellular receptors and fusion of the envelope with the cell membrane. The capsid protein contains two single-stranded RNA molecules, protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and RNAse H components. Reverse transcriptase is responsible for transcribing single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA molecules, which are then integrated into the host cell's genome as proviral DNA. Viruses establish viral persistence by integrating their own genome into the host cell genome and can remain stable to transmit the virus.

HTLV-1/2 structure Figure 1. Schematic representation of the components of HTLV-1/2
(Source: Brites C, et al. 2021)

HTLV-1 can infect various types of cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and CD4/CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, with CD4⁺ T cells being the most predominantly infected. In CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, HTLV-1 can remain latent for long periods of time by maintaining a low replication rate, which can lead to genetic alterations, induction of cell proliferation, and even damage to the central nervous system due to an inflammatory immune response. In the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocyte infections play a very important role by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN), and interleukin (IL). They are also involved in mediating the inflammatory immune response that occurs during infection. The cytokines with the highest concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HAM are TNF-α and TNF-γ. In contrast cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 are reduced in patients with neurological disorders.

As previously described, gp46 mediates viral entry into the host cell as well as membrane fusion, where it forms a complex with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and NRP-1 on the target cell, which initiates fusion of the envelope with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing the viral core into the cytoplasm. Although GLUT1 is expressed in all tissues, viral transmission based on HTLV-1 target receptors alone is not consistent with viral distribution within the host. Indeed, there are other modes of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, such as tight cell-to-cell contact via virologic synapses, and p8-mediated cellular conduits.

4 modes of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission Figure 2. Intercellular Transmission of HTLV-1
(Source: Aghajanian S, et al. 2020)

References

1. Brites C, et al. Pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection and progression biomarkers: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis. 2021 May-Jun;25(3):101594.
2. Aghajanian S, et al. Immunopathogenesis and Cellular Interactions in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Front Microbiol. 2020 Dec 22;11:614940.

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References

Neurological Aspects of HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 Coinfection

PATHOGENS

Authors: Araujo, Abelardo Q. -C.

Abstract

Simultaneous infection by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are not uncommon since they have similar means of transmission and are simultaneously endemic in many populations. Besides causing severe immune dysfunction, these viruses are neuropathogenic and can cause neurological diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. Many pieces of evidence at present show that coinfection may alter the natural history of general and, more specifically, neurological disorders through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of coinfection on the progression and outcome of neurological complications of HTLV-1/2 and HIV-1.

Balance Impairments in Patients with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS

Authors: Vasconcelos, Beatriz Helena B.; Callegari, Bianca; Costa, Kelly Helorany A.; Barroso, Tatiana G. C. P.; Sousa, Rita Catarina M.; Saunier, Ghislain; Xavier, Marilia B.; Souza, Givago S.

Abstract

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus from the Retroviridae family that infects cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)T-lymphocytes and stimulates their proliferation. A severe consequence of this infection can be the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is associated with a progressive demyelinating disease of the upper motor neurons. The HAM/TSP conditions frequently present with neurological complaints such as gait impairment, sphincter disturbances, and several sensory losses. We compared findings from the posturographic evaluation from the asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected subjects, HTLV-1 infected subjects having HAM/TSP, and control group database. A force plate was used to record the postural oscillations. Analysis of variance and multivariate linear discriminant analysis were used to compare the data obtained from the three groups of participants. In general, HAM/TSP patients had worse postural balance control than did the HTLV-1 patients and the controls (p < 0.05). We found that in six out of ten parameters of the postural balance control, there was a gradual increase in impairment from control to HTLV-1 to HAM/TSP groups. All parameters had higher values with the subject's eyes closed. The multivariate linear discriminant analysis showed there was a reasonable difference in results between the control and HAM/TSP groups, and the HTLV-1 group was at the intersecting area between them. We found that HAM/TSP patients had worse balance control than did HTLV-1 infected patients and the control group, but asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected patients represent an intermediate balance control status between controls and HAM/TSP patients. Posturographic parameters can be relied on to identify subtle changes in the balance of HTLV-1 patients and to monitor their functional loss. HTLV-1 is a tropical disease that can be transmitted by sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and breast-feeding. Some infected subjects develop an HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropica I spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a condition characterized by spasticity, weakness in lower limbs, and difficulty in walking long distances and going up and down the stairs, besides the history of falls. We compared the body oscillations using a force plate to investigate the postural balance control. HTLV-1 infected patients had imbalance that could be identified by posturographic parameters. Patients with HAM/TSP clearly had balance impairments, while HTLV-1 without HAM/TSP had a subtle impairment that was not seen on clinical scales, suggesting that these patients were in the middle between healthy and HAM/TSP patients, and carried a risk of developing severe imbalance postural control. We suggest that more research should be done with the aim to identify the subtle signs in asymptomatic HTLV-1 patients to investigate if this group of patients need attention similar to the HAM/TSP patients.