The Cryptosporidium ELISA is an enzyme immunoassay for the qualitative determination of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) and Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) in human stool samples. For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.
Contents of Kit
No.
Components
Size
Storage Conditions
1
Plate
96 wells
2-8°C
3
Wash
100 ml × 1
2-8°C
4
Positive Control
2 ml × 1
2-8°C
5
Negative Control
2 ml × 1
2-8°C
6
Conjugate 1
13 ml × 1
2-8°C
7
Conjugate 2
13 ml × 1
2-8°C
8
Substrate
13 ml × 1
2-8°C
9
Stop
12 ml × 1
2-8°C
10
Plate Sealers
2
Storage
All reagents must be stored at 2 – 8 °C and can be used until the date printed on the label. When stored at 2 – 8 °C, the diluted wash buffer can be used for a maximum of 4 weeks. Microbial contamination must be prevented. After the expiry date, the quality guarantee is no longer valid. The aluminum bag must be opened with scissors in such a way that the clip seal is not torn off. Any microwell strips which are not required must be placed in the aluminum bag immediately and stored at 2 – 8 °C. The colorless substrate must also be protected from direct light to prevent it from decomposing or turning blue due to auto-oxidation. Once the substrate has turned blue, it must not be used.
Precision
To determine the intra-assay reproducibility, 40 replicates of 6 references were assayed, representing the complete measurement range from negative to high-positive. The mean values and the variation coefficients (CV) were determined for three lots of the kits. For the inter-assay reproducibility, references from 10 different working days were assayed in duplicates, with two runs per day. The measurements were determined by three technicians for three lots of the kits. The inter-lot reproducibility was determined for all three lots of the kits.
Sensitivity
To determine the analytical sensitivity of the Cryptosporidium ELISA the limit of blank (LoB) was analyzed in 270 measurements of Diluent 1, and the limit of detection (LoD) was analyzed in 90 measurements.
Citations
Publication ()
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Background
Cryptosporidium is a common parasite that can be transmitted through food and is known to have at least 39 different species. It primarily exists as oocysts, which are the infectious form of the parasite. Oocysts are categorized into two types: thin-walled and thick-walled. Thin-walled oocysts can invade the intestinal lining directly, leading to repeated infections in the same host. In contrast, thick-walled oocysts are excreted in feces and can infect other hosts, either directly or indirectly. These oocysts are particularly hardy; they can survive for extended periods in harsh conditions and resist chlorine-based disinfectants, which increases their potential for spreading through contaminated food and water. The life cycle of Cryptosporidium includes both asexual and sexual reproduction stages that occur within a single host. This cycle results in the formation of mature oocysts, which are then expelled in feces, ready to infect new hosts.
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle (Source: Bouzid M, et al. 2013)
Cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium parasites in humans or animals, which manifests itself primarily as diarrhoea and is the second most common pathogen causing severe diarrhoea in infants and children. When Cryptosporidium infects the host, it can multiply rapidly in the intestinal epithelium, causing tissue damage and damage to the intestinal epithelium, leading to symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting in patients. In addition, Cryptosporidium is also an indicator of screening for AIDS patients, who have a dramatically higher case fatality rate when infected with Cryptosporidium.
Diagnostic methods for Cryptosporidium include pathogenetic tests, immunological diagnosis and molecular biological methods. Microscopic examination can identify Cryptosporidium in relation to the size, shape and internal structure of the oocysts, but it is difficult to effectively differentiate between the oocysts and small particles such as moulds and food debris within the faeces. In addition, most of the oocysts were only 4-6 μm in diameter, and the internal structure was blurred, making them unsuitable for observation. Immunological methods are mainly used to detect Cryptosporidium antigens or antibodies, and the methods used include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), intermittent immunofluorescence assay, and immunochromatographic detection techniques. ELISA has higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional microscopy and does not require concentration of stool samples prior to processing. At present, PCR-based molecular detection technology has gradually replaced microstaining microscopy and immunoassay as the main method for detecting Cryptosporidium due to its advantages of high sensitivity, high stability and high specificity.
References
1. Bouzid M, et al. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013 Jan;26(1):115-34.
2. Khurana S, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. Trop Parasitol. 2018 Jan-Jun;8(1):2-7.
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References
Elliptic Curve Cryptography hardware accelerator for high-performance secure servers
JOURNAL OF SUPERCOMPUTING
Authors: Parrilla, Luis; Alvarez-Bermejo, Jose A.; Castillo, Encarnacion; Lopez-Ramos, Juan A.; Morales-Santos, Diego P.; Garcia, Antonio
Security threats affecting electronics communications in the current world make necessary the encryption and authentication of every transaction. The increasing levels of security required are leading to an overload of transaction servers due to cryptographic tasks. In this paper, a hardware-implemented coprocessor for Elliptic Curve Cryptography operations is presented. This coprocessor enables the acceleration of secure services and can be implemented in the last generations FPGA, thus allowing to host in the same chip a software secure web/database server and the cryptographic coprocessor. Obtained results show advantages of the proposed solution when compared to software implementations and classical acceleration using graphics processing units. Moreover, the proposed cryptographic coprocessor presents improvements over other hardware implementations when area, performance and scalability are considered. The developed crypto-processor has been implemented in a xc7z020clg484-1 device from Xilinx, taking advantage of the synergy provided by the ARM microprocessors and the programmable logic for hardware implementations included in the device. This design requires only 9852 LUTs, while providing 8930 scalar-point operations per second when operating at 50 MHz, with a power consumption of 0.42 W.
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COA
Publication 
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle
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