Anti-THEG monoclonal antibody Made to order

Steroid hormones play very important roles in gonadal differentiation in many vertebrate species. Previously, we have determined a threshold dosage of testosterone (T) to induce female-to-male sex reversal inGlandirana rugosafrogs. Genetic females formed a mixture of testis and ovary, the so-called ovotestis, when tadpoles ofG. rugosawere reared in water containing the dosage of T, which enabled us to detect primary changes in the histology of the masculinizing gonads. In this study, we determined a threshold dosage of estradiol-17 beta (E2) to cause male-to-female sex reversal in this frog. We observed first signs of histological changes in the ovotestes, when tadpoles were reared in water containing the dosage of E2. Ovotestes were significantly larger than wild-type testes in size. By E2 treatment, male germ cells degenerated in the feminizing testis leading to their final disappearance. In parallel, oocytes appeared in the medulla of the ovotestis and later in the cortex as well. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression of sex-related genes involved in testis formation was significantly decreased in the ovotestis. In addition, immuno-positive signals of CYP17 that is involved in testis differentiation in this frog disappeared in the medulla first and then in the cortex. These results suggested that oocytes expanded in the feminizing gonad (ovary) contemporaneously with male germ cell disappearance. Primary changes in the histology of the gonads during male-to-female sex reversal occurred in the medulla and later in the cortex. This direction was opposite to that observed during female-to-male sex reversal in theG. rugosafrog.

High-efficiency rotation based energy harvesters require simultaneous scavenging of mechanical energy and rotation-induced wasted thermal energy. A hybridized nanogenerator is reported that has an electromagnetic generator (EMG), a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and a thermoelectric generator (ThEG) for simultaneously harvesting mechanical and thermal energies in one process. As driven by the relative rotation motions between two disks, all of the EMG, TENG and ThEG can deliver outputs due to the cooperative operation of electromagnetic, triboelectric, and thermoelectric effects. With increasing the working time of the hybridized nanogenerator, the output power of EMG can be kept in a stable value, and an obvious increase can be seen for the output power of ThEG, while the output power of TENG exhibited a dramatic decrease. By using the power management circuits, all of the EMG, TENG, and ThEG devices can deliver a constant output voltage of 5 V, where the hybridized nanogenerator can produce a pulsed output current peak of about 160 mA. Moreover, the hybridized nanogenerator has been successfully installed in a commercial bicycle to scavenge biomechanical energy for lighting up globe lights and charging up a cell phone. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.