Anti-PGR monoclonal antibody, clone QS600

Joint lensing and dynamical mass profile determinations of galaxy clusters are an excellent tool to constrain modification of gravity at cosmological scales. However, search for tiny departures from General Relativity (GR) calls for an accurate control of the systematics affecting the method. In this analysis we concentrate on the systematics in the reconstruction of mass profiles from the dynamics of cluster member galaxies, while assuming that lensing provides unbiased mass profile reconstructions. In particular, in the case study of linear f (R) gravity, we aim at verifying whether in realistic simulations of cluster formation a spurious detection of departure from GR can be detected due to violation of the main assumptions (e.g. dynamical equilibrium and spherical symmetry) on which the method is based. We aim at identifying and calibrating the impact of those systematics by analyzing a set of Dark Matter halos taken from ACDM N-body cosmological simulations performed with the GADGET-3 code. We evaluate how the constraints on the additional degree of freedom mf(R) suffer the lack of dynamical relaxation and departures from spherical symmetry. If no selection criteria are applied, similar to 60% of clusters in a ACDM Universe (where GR is assumed) produce a spurious detection of modified gravity. We find that the probability of finding cluster in agreement with GR predictions P-GR mainly depends on the properties of the halo's projected phase-space and on shape orientation of the cluster along the line-of-sight projection. We further define two observational criteria which correlate with PGR and which can be used to select, among a generic population of galaxy clusters in the local Universe, those objects that are more suitable for the application of the proposed method. In particular, we find that according to these criteria the percentage of spurious detection can be lowered down to similar to 20% in the best case. We discuss how P-GR changes when a simplified treatment of the chameleon screening mechanism is considered. Our results are relevant in view of the availability of precise measurements of lensing mass profiles from imaging data and dynamics mass profiles from spectroscopic data that will be available with the next generation surveys.

Purpose Androgen Receptor (AR) positivity is often displayed in breast cancer and especially in Male Breast Cancer (MBC), where it appears to be a heterogeneous feature, with its expression ranging between 38 and 81% of cases. Given the fact that circulating androgens represent the most important sex hormones in males and that breast carcinogenesis is characteristically subjected to hormonal mechanisms, our purpose was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of AR in MBC assessing if its expression could be associated with parameters of tumor aggressiveness. Methods Clinical and pathological data were retrospectively reviewed for male patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. AR status was detected by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumoral tissue sections. Correlations between AR expression and histopathological features were assessed using univariate and multiple comparisons where appropriate, assuming P values < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results The study included 44 consecutive male patients. AR expression ranged between 10 and 98% and the majority of cases presented a moderate to high expression of this receptor. Adopting a 20% PgR cut-off, statistical analyses highlighted a different behavior of AR: in ER+/PgR(high) group, it positively correlated with the other steroid receptors pointing out the importance of hormonal cross-talk: in ER+/PgR(low) group, AR status inversely correlated with histological grade and lymph node status. Conclusion Hormonal factors reveal to play a crucial role in MBC carcinogenesis and progression. Intriguingly, in ER+/PgR(low) tumors AR expression significantly correlates with lymph node status, hinting at a favorable biological role of AR in this tumor subgroup.