Anti-PGR monoclonal antibody, clone QS595

The effects of various concentrations of four types of plant growth regulator (PGR) on the physiological performance and microbial populations of three calcifying Halimeda species were evaluated in a 42-day aquaria experiment. The results show that PGRs enhanced the growth and calcification rates at relatively low concentrations, while inhibiting the physiological activities of Halimeda at high concentrations. Net oxygen production rate and pigment concentrations were differed depending on the concentrations and types of PGRs. Carbonic anhydrase activity, total tissue carbon and nitrogen contents varied among different PGRs concentrations, which suggested that these physiological performances were enhanced under appropriate concentration availability of PGRs. Based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analyses, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria, belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum, were significantly higher in the PGRs treatment than those in control group. The microbial communities could be majorly divided into three groups corresponding to the Halimeda species, suggesting that physiological differences between Halimeda species may lead to secretion of specific types of biochemical compounds, thus selecting different microbial species at both the taxonomic level and functional level, which may contribute to carbon and nitrogen fixation. The results of this study indicated that it is both practical and efficient to amplify calcifying Halimeda biomass through the addition of PGRs, which could provide a theoretical basis for use of this technique in restoring and maintaining the ecological diversity and sustainable development of coral reef ecosystems.

Many patients with ER+ HER2- primary breast cancer are being deferred from surgery to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NeoET) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have collated data from multiple international trials of presurgical endocrine therapy in order to provide guidance on the identification of patients who may have insufficiently endocrine-sensitive tumors and should be prioritised for early surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy rather than NeoET during or in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic for safety or when surgical activity needs to be prioritized. For postmenopausal patients, our data provide strong support for the use of ER and PgR status at diagnosis for triaging of patients into three groups in which (taking into account clinical factors): (i) NeoET is likely to be inappropriate (Allred ER <6 or ER 6 and PgR <6) (ii) a biopsy for Ki67 analysis (on-treatment Ki67) could be considered after 2-4 weeks of NeoET (a: ER 7 or 8 and PgR <6 or b: ER 6 or 7 and PgR >= 6) or (iii) NeoET is an acceptable course of action (ER 8 and PgR >= 6). Cut-offs for percentage of cells positive are also given. For group (ii), a high early on-treatment level of Ki67 (>10%) indicates a higher priority for early surgery. Too few data were available for premenopausal patients to provide a similar treatment algorithm. These guidelines should be helpful for managing patients with early ER+ HER2- breast cancer during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis.