Progesterone inhibits cytokine/TNF-alpha production by porcine CL macrophages via the genomic progesterone receptor
DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
Authors: Gadsby, J. E.; Frandsen, S.; Chang, J.; Celestino, B.; Tucker, E.; Poole, D. H.
Abstract
In pigs, luteolytic sensitivity to PGF-2 alpha (=LS) is delayed until d 13 of the estrous cycle. While the control of LS is unknown, it is temporally associated with macrophage (MAC; which secretes tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) infiltration into the corpora lutea (CL), and previous studies have shown that TNF-alpha induces LS in porcine luteal cells (LCs) in culture. This study was designed to explore the control of LS by CL macrophage (CL MAC)/TNF-alpha by progesterone (P4), and to examine the hypothesis that P4 acting via the genomic P4 receptor (PGR) inhibits CL MAC TNF-alpha and thus plays a key role in regulating LS during the pig estrous cycle. In experiment 1, the effects of LCs on CL MAC cytokine/TNF-alpha mRNA expression in co-culture were examined (MID cycle; similar to d 7-12; no LS); results showed that LC was inhibitory to cytokine/TNF-alpha. In experiment 2, the effects of P4 or R5020 (PGR-agonist) on CL MAC cytokine/TNF-alpha mRNA expression were examined (MID cycle; similar to d 7-12; no LS); results showed that both P4 and R5020 dose-dependently inhibited TNF-alpha. In experiment 3, CL MACs were isolated from CL at MID (similar to d 7-12; no LS) and LATE (similar to d 13-18; thorn LS) cycle, and TNF-alpha/PGR mRNA measured. Results indicated that while TNF-alpha mRNA was 4.2-fold greater in CL MACs from LATE vs MID cycle, PGR mRNA was 4.5-fold greater in CL MACs from MID vs LATE cycle. These data support our hypothesis and suggest that progesterone, acting via PGR, plays a critical physiological role in the control of TNF-alpha production by CL MACs and LS during the pig estrous cycle. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Soil moisture as a potential variable for tracking and quantifying irrigation: A case study with proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy data
ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Filippucci, Paolo; Tarpanelli, Angelica; Massari, Christian; Serafini, Andrea; Strati, Virginia; Alberi, Matteo; Raptis, Kassandra Giulia Cristina; Mantovani, Fabio; Brocca, Luca
Abstract
The global warming effects put in danger global water availability and make necessary to decrease water wastage, e.g., by monitoring global irrigation. Despite this, global irrigation information is scarce due to the absence of a solid estimation technique. In this study, we applied an innovative approach to retrieve irrigation water from high spatial and temporal resolution Soil Moisture (SM) data obtained from an advanced sensor based on Proximal Gamma-Ray (PGR) spectroscopy, in a field located in Emilia Romagna (Italy). The results show that SM is a key variable to obtain information about the amount of water applied to plants, with Pearson correlation between observed and estimated daily irrigation data ranges from 0.88 to 0.91 by using different calibration methodology. With the aim of reproducing the working conditions of satellites measuring soil moisture, we sub-sampled SM hourly time series at larger time steps. The results demonstrated that the methodology is still capable to perform the daily (weekly) irrigation estimation with Pearson Correlation around 0.6 (0.7) if the time step is not greater than 36 (48) hours.
COA
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