Anti-MDV Monoclonal antibody, Clone C157M

Tracking multiple maneuvering targets hidden in the Doppler blind zone (DBZ) is a challenging problem. To overcome the complicated problem, we proposed a tracker based on the multiple model probability hypothesis density (MM-PHD) filter. However, the PHD filter is only the first-order moment approximation of the multi-target Bayesian filter, and it cannot output track labels in principle. In order to improve the tracking performance, another novel tracker is proposed in this paper. To track multiple maneuvering targets, the proposed tracker is built on the latest multiple model generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli (MM-GLMB) filter. Moreover, it incorporates the minimum detectable velocity (MDV) to suppress the DBZ masking. Finally, a measurement-driven adaptive track initiation is introduced to address the fixed track initiation problem of the standard MM-GLMB filter. It is demonstrated through numerical examples that the proposed tracker outperforms the existing work significantly, especially in terms of both accuracy and robustness of cardinality estimation.

Marek's disease virus (MDV) induces tumors and severe immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is very complex and difficult to study. In particular, the late MDV-IS (late-MDV-IS) is of great concern since it can occur in the absence of lymphoid organ atrophy or gross tumors. We have recently developed a model to reproduce late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. This model measures MDV-IS indirectly by assessing the effect of MDV infection on the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccination; hence the name late-MDV-IS ILT model. In this study, we have used the late-MDV-IS ILT model to evaluate if MD vaccination can protect against late-MDV-IS. One experiment was conducted to determine whether serotype 1 MD vaccines (CVI988 and Md5 Delta MEQ) could induce late-MDV-IS by themselves. Three additional experiments were conducted to evaluate efficacy of different MD vaccines (HVT, HVT+SB-1, CVI988, and Md5 Delta MEQ) and different vaccine protocols (day-old vaccination, in ovo vaccination, and double vaccination) against "late-MDV-IS. Our results show that none of the currently used vaccine protocols (HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988 administered at day of age, in ovo, or in double vaccination protocols) protected against late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strains 648A and 686. Experimental vaccine Md5 Delta MEQ administered subcutaneously at one day of age was the only vaccine protocol that significantly reduced late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strain 686. This study demonstrates that currently used vaccine protocols confer high levels of protection against MDV-induced tumors (protection index = 100), but do not protect against late-MDV-IS; thus, commercial poultry flocks could suffer late-MDV-IS even in complete absence of tumors. Our results suggest that MDV-IS might not be related to the development of tumors and novel control methods are needed. Further evaluation of the experimental vaccine Md5 Delta MEQ might shed light on protective mechanisms against late-MDV-IS. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.