Anti-MET monoclonal antibody, clone CDJ-4F8

To improve treatment performance of the solar septic tank technology, novel constructed wetland systems have been proposed as an effective post-treatment system. This study aimed to investigate the treatment performance of the multi-soil layer based constructed wetland (MSL-CW) and comparing with the modified constructed wetland (mCW) for treating solar septic tank effluent in long-term operation. Pilot-scale MSL-CW and mCW units were operated in parallel under the same conditions during the period of 2016-2019. Removal efficiencies of TCOD, SCOD and TBOD in the MSL-CW were not significantly different (p < 0.05) from those of the mCW unit, which were 70-72%, 63-68% and 78-82%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of TSS, TKN, NH4-N and TP were found in the same magnitude in both units. The total coliform and E.coli counts in the effluent of MSL-CW and mCW units were reduced from 10(5) MPN/100 mL to be lower than 10(3) MPN/100 mL. These long-term operational results demonstrated that the effluent from the MSL-CW and mCW units could meet the global standards of non-sewered sanitation systems and the WHO guidelines. The effects of seasonal variations and plant harvesting on the monthly treatment performance are discussed in this study. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Rice paddy nitrogen (N) loss is a great concern leading to a high risk of receiving water pollution. Various models have been applied as practical tools for simulation of the nutrient loss amount, and pathways or yield change affected by management factors in previous studies. However, N loss features of rice paddies in northern regions have received less attention and few model simulation studies have combined crop yield and N loss to simultaneously meet the needs of yield maintenance and environmental protection. To consider benefits to local farmers and to assess the paddy N loss features and factors in northeast China, rice yields and water borne N losses in 2013-2017 were simulated using the APSIM-Oryza model applied to Xingkai Lake Farm. Different from subtropical regions, high field ridges and lower rainfall limit local paddy overflow occurrence except after unexpected storms after irrigation in dry years or serial rainfall events, which result in subsurface N loss during stages of tillering (Ti) to flowering (Fl) which comprise the dominant pathway accounting for 50.03-69.99% of the total water borne N loss. The correlation analysis results also indicate irrigation and the applied N amount more significantly affect local paddy N loss than does precipitation. In each year, stimulated by an increase in the applied N amount, increasing rice yield (symbolizing crop growth status) indicated N loss implicitly rose. But under similar applied N amount range, inter-annual N loss results showed weaker growth status result in a higher N loss. Based on local N loss features, nutrient conservation practices including planting density increase or side strip application, and net N loss reduction practices including intermittent or recycling irrigation are recommended to limit nutrient loss from a paddy field which would be helpful for optimization of local nutrient conservation and surrounding water environment protection. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.