Tau proteins are microtubule-associated proteins that are abundant in neurons in the central nervous system. In adult human brain, there are six tau isoforms that differ by the presence of either three or four C-terminal tandem repeated 31 or 33 amino acid sequences containing domains that are important for microtubule binding. Tau plays a crucial role in the neuron as it binds and stabilizes microtubules, and can regulate axonal transport; functions that are regulated by site-specific phosphorylation events. Abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, resulting in loss of function (the disruption of axonal transport) and gain of toxic function (formation of tau aggregates) at the same time, is deposited in cells as fibrillar lesions in numerous neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer"s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick"s disease, corticobasal degeneration and post-encephalitic parkinsonism.
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References
UH model for granular soils considering low confining pressure
The mechanical behaviors including strength and isotropic compression of granular soils under low confining pressure are systematically analyzed. The compressive hardening parameter p(s) is introduced in semi-logarithmic coordinates to express the curved normal compression line of granular soils in the e-ln p plane, to describe the little compressibility of granular soils under low confining pressure. The nonlinear variation of critical friction angle with confining pressure is considered by introducing the interlocking strength parameter tau(0) into strength criteria. Based on the unified hardening model for clays and sands (CSUH model), the unified hardening (UH model) for granular soils considering low confining pressure, called UH-L model, is established. The UH-L model behaves significantly different with the CSUH model under low confining pressure, while tends to be same as the CSUH model with increasing confining pressure. The relationship between parameter p(s) and tau(0)cot phi, as well as the effect of p(s) and tau(0)cot phi on model performance are analyzed. Good agreement with the experimental data shows that the UH-L model is capable of uniformly describing the stress-strain relations and strength of granular soils with interparticle locking over a wide confining pressure load range, especially at low confining pressure.
Robustness of the Pairwise Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Power Spectrum Shape as a Cosmological Gravity Probe
We prove from the modified gravity (MG) galaxy/halo mock catalogs that the shape of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) power spectrum P-kSZ has constraining power on discriminating different gravity theories on cosmological scales. By varying the effective optical depth tau(T) as a free parameter, we verify that the tau(T)-f (the linear growth rate) degeneracy in the linear theory of P-kSZ is broken down by the nonlinear structure growth and the scale dependence of f in some MG theories. Equivalently speaking, the shape of P-kSZ alone could be used to tightly constrain the MG theories on cosmological scales. With good knowledge of galaxy density biases, we verify that a combination of the next-generation galaxy spectroscopic redshift and CMB surveys, e.g., BOSS+CMB-S4 or DESI+CMB-S4, could potentially discriminate f(R) models from the general relativity at the similar to 5 sigma level using the shape of the galaxy pairwise kSZ dipole P-kSZ,P-l = 1 alone, when f(R0) = 10(-4).