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Single-spot urine is often used to estimate organophosphorus insecticide (OP) exposure. However, variations of urinary metabolite concentrations during the day are considerable as OP half-lives are short and as diet is their main exposure source. In addition, quality control is indispensable for institutions that analyze these metabolites. This study aimed to clarify (1) adequate frequencies of urine collection for estimating OP exposure and (2) interlaboratory variation in measured concentrations of OP metabolites, dialkylphosphates (DAPs). To quantify intra-individual variations, urine was collected eight times during a period that spanned 5 consecutive days from nine children aged 5-6 years. For interlaboratory variations, 41 spot samples from 14 pregnant women and 13 three-year-old children were used. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the DAPs were moderate but misclassification occurred in > 50% of the surrogate category analyses using single measurements. The misclassification frequency decreased to satisfactory levels when three temporal measurements were conducted. Values of four DAPs measured in the two laboratories correlated well except in the cases of urine samples obtained from two pregnant women. In conclusion, urinary DAPs should be measured from spot urine samples obtained during 3 different days. Sharing matrix-contained standards and quality control samples should minimize interlaboratory variations.

Objective: This study aimed to give a description of nutritional intake pattern of farmers and analyze the relationship of antioxidants vitamins intake with farmer susceptibility to chlorpyrifos insecticides. Method: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. There were 298 farmers, from three populations: Javanese, Sundanese, and Makassarese were participated as subjects. Data on nutrient intake, Body Mass Index, and Paraoxonase 1 activity were collected. Results: The intake of macronutrients are different within the three ethnics. Magnesium and phosphor were micronutrients consumed by the majority of farmers among the three ethnic populations. Vitamin E, vitamin C, calcium, and zinc were the micronutrients which were the least consumed by farmers from all populations. The majority of farmers in the three ethnic community had low activity of PON1, and the highest prevalence was in the Sundanese group. There was no significant relationship was found between frequency of vitamin C and vitamin E consumption. Conclusion: Majority of farmers have inadequate intake of antioxidant vitamins. There is no significant relationship between antioxidant vitamins intake and their susceptibility to chlorpyrifos. (C) 2020 Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. Alt rights reserved.