The new 1.2T-14.5GHz caprice source of multicharged ions: Results with metallic elements
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Hitz, D; Bourg, F; Delaunay, M; Ludwig, P; Melin, G; Pontonnier, M; NGuyen, TK
Abstract
The 1.2 T-14.5 GHz ECR Caprice source is an upgrade version of previous Caprice sources where the three main ingredients of an ECR ion source of multicharged ions have been optimized: (i) the magnetic configuration has higher axial fields (1.4-1.45 T at the mirror throats) and radial field (1.05 T at the wall inside the plasma chamber) as well as higher mirror ratios, (ii) the 14.5 GHz rf frequency is convenient to higher magnetic fields, and (iii) more efficient electron sources allow the electron density to reach higher values, and thus high extracted ion currents (both first stage and wall coating). Emphasis is given to the metallic elements, the source is able to produce 10 e mu A of Ca14+ 3 e mu A of Fe17+ and Ni20+, 1 e mu A of U37+, while being able to deliver 1130 e mu A of O6+, 190 e mu A of O7+, and 100 e mu A of Ar12+. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
A new sawfly fossil from the lower Cretaceous of China elucidates antennal evolution in the lower Hymenoptera (Pamphilioidea: Praesiricidae: Archoxyelydinae subfam.n.)
SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Wang, Mei; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Ren, Dong
Abstract
Archoxyelyda mirabilis gen.n. and sp.n., is described from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China. It is placed in the family Praesiricidae based on the loss of forewing Sc. The fossil is placed in Archoxyelydinae subfam.n. based on a modified antennal flagellum (consisting of two distinct multisegmented parts: a thick and tightly connected basal part, and a thin and more loosely articulated distal one). The incompletely preserved genus Xyelydontes Rasnitsyn, 1983 is tentatively transferred to Archoxyelydinae. The new material demonstrates a unique feature in the antennal anatomy: the composite third antennomere can be seen to consist of tightly connected primary antennomeres. Antennal evolution in the lower Hymenoptera is reviewed and three hypothetical pathways in their transformation are discussed. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:635EFD90-CA14-402C-BCBF-C77C194F2368.