ON THE SPECTRALIFICATION OF A HEMISPECTRAL SPACE
JOURNAL OF ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Echi, Othman; Abdallahi, Mohamed Oueld
Abstract
An open subset U of a topological space X is called intersection compact open, or ICO, if for every compact open set Q of X, U boolean AND Q is compact. A continuous map f of topological spaces will be called spectral if f(-1) carries ICO sets to ICO sets. Call a topological space X hemispectral, if the intersection of two ICO sets of X is an ICO. Let HSPEC be the category whose objects are hemispectral spaces and arrows spectral maps. Let SPEC be the full subcategory of HSPEC whose objects are spectral spaces. The main result of this paper proves that SPEC is a reflective subcategory of HSPEC. This gives a complete answer to Problem BST1 of "O. Echi, H. Marzougui and E. Salhi, Problems from the Bizerte-Sfax-Tunis seminar, in Open Problems in Topology II, ed. E. Pearl (Elsevier, 2007), pp. 669-674."
BST1 rs11724635 interacts with environmental factors to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese population
PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS
Authors: Chen, Meng-Ling; Lin, Chin-Hsien; Lee, Ming-Jen; Wu, Ruey-Meei
Abstract
A recently published genome-wide association study in Caucasian and Asian populations showed a significant association between the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (BSTI) SNP rs11724635 and increased risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate whether BSTI rs11724635 increases the risk of PD, either by itself or in combination with environmental factors, we performed an association analysis of BSTI rs11724635 in a large cohort of Taiwanese patients with PD and age matched controls. The study used TaqMan genotyping, logistic regression, and haplotype methods. The genotype distribution of rs11724635 in PD patients (N = 468; p = 0.50) and control subjects (N = 487; p = 0.44) was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Compared with the AA genotype, the frequency of both CA and CC genotypes was not significantly different between the patient and control groups. The adjusted odd ratios (ORs) for CA and CC were not statistically significant (CA: OR = 0.962, 95% CI = 0.643-1.439, p = 0.850; CC: OR = 0.992, 95% CI = 0.654-1.503, p = 0.969). Of note, ever use of well water before the onset of PD symptoms had an impact on the occurrence of PD through interactions with BST1 rs11724635 AC (OR = 1.453, p = 0.024) and CC (OR = 1.623, p = 0.008). Our results show that the BST1 rs11724635 polymorphism alone is not associated with the development of PD, but it can interact with well water drinking to increase the risk of PD in this Taiwanese population. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.