Alkaline Phosphatase [KLH]

In the upper Tesso Valley the folded contact between Piemonte Zone ophiolites and Sesia-Lanzo Zone continental crust is exposed. Here serpentinites, metabasites, calcschists and fine-grained gneisses are deformed by four ductile superposed groups of structures, associated with different mineral assemblages. Different serpentinite lithologies have been recognized and studied in detail. Mylonitic D2 structures are pervasive and mineral assemblages point to re-equilibration at T of 450 +/- 50 degrees C and P of 0.8 +/- 0.3 GPa, under blueschist/epidote amphibolite-facies conditions. Pre-D2 structures and mineral assemblages are relics within S2 and indicate a re-equilibration under eclogite-facies conditions, at T of 570 +/- 50 degrees C and P > 1.8 GPa. Post-D2 occurs under greenschist-facies conditions. Numerical modeling of a subduction zone allows exploration of the geodynamic context in which such PT path could have developed, and to make hypotheses about the possible timing of such a scenario, in agreement with the timing generally proposed for the Alpine subduction and collision. Model predictions indicate that pre-D2 mineral assemblages may have developed during Paleocene at 60-90 km depth and 115-145 km from the trench, or, alternatively, during lower Eocene at ca. 70-90 km depth, and 135-160 km from the trench.

Incomplete osseointegration is primary cause of failure for orthopedic implants. New biomaterials that present stable signals promoting osteogenesis could reduce failure rates of orthopedic implants. In this study bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was delivered from titania nanotubes (Nt) modified with chitosan/heparin polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). The surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. BMP-2 release from the surfaces was measured in vitro for up to 28 days. After an initial burst release of BMP-2 during the first 2 days, most of the BMP-2 remained on the surface. To determine the osteogenic properties of these surfaces, they were seeded with rat bone marrow cells; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total protein, calcium deposition, and osteocalcin were measured up to 4 weeks in vitro. When compared to Nt surfaces, the surfaces with BMP-2 induce greater osteocalcin and calcium deposition. PEMs provide sustained presentation of BMP-2, from a biomimetic surface. This enhances the osteogenic properties of the surface without requiring supraphysiologic growth factor dose. This growth factor delivery strategy could be used to improve bone healing outcomes and reduce complications for recipients of orthopedic implants.